TIISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY. In historical sociology we again study the phenomena of the social popu lation, the social mind, the social organization, and the social welfare, hut on a larger scale. We inquire into the evolutionary origins of society and we find that long before man appeared upon the earth social relations had become established in the animal world, and that man undoubtedly began his career with an endowment of social instinct. Social relations and mutual aid in fluenced natural selection, and thereby affected the whole course of animal evolution. Associa tion in its beginnings, therefore, was zougenie. Through a further development of association, language, animistic ideas, arts, and religions came into existence, and the animal mind was con verted into the human mind, and the animal body into the human body. This stage of evolution )%as anthropogenie. A higher evolution of the con sciousness of kind created tribal instincts and customs, and gradually built up the highly com plex system of ethnic society. This was eth nogenic as,.ociation. Finally, through the recog nition of mental and practical resemblance irre spective of kinship. civil or demotic society came into existence. The demos or people, as distin guished from the tribe, appeared, and with it civilization.
In animal societies all the essential phenomena of a social population may be observed, but those of the social mind are of the most rudimentary sort. There is no social organization beyond the slight beginnings of family life, and a loose formation of bands or flocks.
In anthropogenic association the phenomena of the social mind begin to assume importance. Language is a product of association and reacts upon it. Vocal signs become conventionalized through imperfect imitation. The power of con ceptual thinking, correlated with the evolution of language, is correlated also with association, for every true concept is a product of more than one mind. Conceptual thinking and self-con sciousness enormously multiply the possible re sponses to stimuli and bring into the conscious ness of kind all its higher reflective elmeuts.
The great problems of ethnogenic association are those of the genesis of family, clan, tribe, and confederation: of the priority of relationship through mothers over relationship through fathers; and of that gradual disintegration of or ganization based on kinship, by the growth of an essentially feudal association based on personal allegiance, which prepared the way for civiliza tion.
The primitive family, we may now feel reason ably sure, was an unstable pairing arrangement, usually of short duration. From this form were differentiated polyandry (q.v.), polygamy (q.v.), monogamy. (See FAMILY; MARRIAGE.) The steps by which the clan was formed per Imps cannot be quite clearly traced. Primitive man counts relationships in one line of descent only. This fact accounts for the exclusion from the kindred of one-half of all those persons who are equally near in blood. The development of the tribe and the confederating of tribes is a consequence chiefly of warfare, which often brings weak groups under the domination o• pro tection of the strong. o• leads related tribes to combine against their common foe. When new tribes are formed by the subdivivdon of one that has grown too large for subsistence on the tribal domain, families from each clan of the older tribe may go into the new tribe. In this way a cluster of tribes may he closely related in blood and speak dialects of a common language, condi tions highly favorable to confederation and sub sentient evolUtion as a nation.
Tribal confederations that have become civil States have undergone a further evolution, how ever. which has destroyed many of the charac teristic features of tribal organization. To begin with. the metronymie system is superseded by the patronymic. The transmission of property and office from father to son thus made possible leads to the differentiation of certain families as of superior rank. If a primitive agriculture has been supplemented by pastoral industry, wealth in cattle becomes one of the chief temptations to engage in tribal wars. Chieftains as leaders of successful expeditions receive an exceptionally large number of stolen cattle, and the privilege of pasturage on the border lands of tribal terri tory. They obtain also as retainers and herds men the broken and ruined men of other tribes, whose clans have been destroyed, and whose fu ture position in society is secured only by their allegiance to a powerful protector. From such beginnings a rude tribal feudalism develops. which encroaches steadily upon the earlier kin ship system. (Consult Sir Henry Maine, Lec tures on the Eurly History of Institutions.) Evi dences of this stage of evolution are found in various bodies of barbarian law, but especially in the Irish and Welsh codes.