In organization tlie universities differ con siderably, especially as to detail and local ar rangements. In general the organization is into faculties of philosophy, pure science, applied science, medicine, law, etc., presided over by deans, who are administrative rather than edu cational heads; the faculties are divided into departments, of Greek, mathematics, etc.. pre sided over by a head professor, who usually ex ercises a general control over the work of the department. To him the associate professors, tutors, etc., in the department are responsible. He arranges the subjects of study, assigns the work of the subordinate instructors. and reports to the president or chancellor from time to time upon the work accomplished. In other universi ties the departmental organization is wholly democratic, in which the only headship is the formal one of seniority. The president (or chancellor) exercises 'a general supervision over the entire institution, and is the medium of com munication between the faculty or faculties and the `trustees,"overseers."regents! or 'governors' of the university—a body with whom usually rests the ultimate sovereignty of the institution, and who have exclusive control of the finances. These men are generally a body with the right of cooptation ; but in some institutions, as in Harvard and Dartmouth, the graduates elect proportion of their number. In some of the State universities, as, for instance, the University of Michigan, the regents are elected by popular vote, and in others are appointed by the Governor, and in both cases the office has a semi-political significance. The right of inter ference with the internal concerns of the univer sity is not always actively exercised.
The organization of the professors and in structors in American universities differs widely. In the institutions where most of the work is in arts and science there is generally a single faculty. In the larger universities the faculties are often wholly distinct, the president acting as the only bond between them. Each faculty, then, legislates independently of the others on matters affecting its own local interests, while questions affecting the university as a whole are left largely to the board of trustees, advised by the president and sometimes by the faculties.
From what has been said concerning the rela tion of colleges and universities, it will be readily seen that it is impossible to give any statistics covering all university work in the United States. There are few colleges that do not undertake the direction of the work of a graduate student for a year; and, on the other hand, there are very few institutions that devote even their major ener gies to advanced work. There is no institution comparable to the German university. While the line between graduate and undergraduate work is distinct, there are no such demarcations of insti tutions. The United States Commissioner of Ed ucation in his report for 1901 gives statistics for 647 universities, colleges, and technical schools of degree-giving rank. Four hundred and seventy three of these are colleges and universities for men or for both sexes; of these 336 are open to both men and women, and 137 admit men only to the undergraduate department. The total at
tendance in these institutions for the year 1900 01 was 103,351; of these 75,472 were men and .27,879 were women. This is an increase of 63 per cent. for men and 159 per cent. for women during the decade. These institutions con ferred degrees upon 11,463 men and 5050 women completing the course of study during that year. The number of professors and in structors in these institutions was 23,041 ; of this number 14,900 were in the 473 colleges and universities of the first group. The total value of the property possessed by the 473 colleges and universities was $391,230,784; of this sum $177, 000,000 was in permanent endowment. One hun dred and sixty-four of these institutions had no endowment, while thirty possessed more than one million each. The total income of the 473 insti tutions for the year was $33,359,612, and the benefactions $18,040,413.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ancient Universities: Capes, Bibliography. Ancient Universities: Capes, University Life at Ancient Athens (London, 1877) ; Mahaffy, Old Greek Education (New York, 1882) ; id., The Greek World Under Roman Sway (ib., 1390) ; Monroe, Souree-Book On the History of Education for the Greek a-nd Roman Period (ib., 1901). Mediteval Universities: The most recent and best reference book is Rashdall, The Universities of Europe During the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1895). Consult also Denifle, Die Universitaten des Mittelalters bis 1400 (Berlin, 1885) ; Paulsen, Geschiehte des gelehrten Unterriehts (Leipzig, 1896-97) ; Rau mer, Gcschichtc dcr Piidagogik ersloh„ 1882) ; Zarncke, Die deutsehen Z niver•sitaten ins Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1857). More popular and briefer sketches of the entire subject arc Com payre, Abdlard and the Origin. and Early II istory of Universities (New York. 1895) ; Laurie, Rise and Early Constitution of Universities (ib., 1895). A good bibliography is given in Cubberly, Syllabus on the History of Education (New York, 1902). For the German universities in par ticular, Paulsen, as above; Kaufmann, Gcschichtc der deutschen Universitiiten (Stuttgart. 1888 96) ; D(311inger, Die Unirersitaten sonst :tad jctzt (Munich, 1871) ; Sybel, Die deutschen Uni versitiiten (Bonn, 1874) ; Conrad, The German universities for the Last Fifty Years (Eng. trans., with introduction by James Bryce, Glas gow, 1885). Yearly statements of lectures with information are given in Acherson, Deutscher Universitats-Kalender (Berlin) , and the Dcutschcs Akademisches Jahrbuch (Leipzig). For Ameri can treatment, Burgess. The American University (Boston, 1894) ; Butler, The Meaning of Educa tion (New York, 1898) ; Eliot, Educational Re form (ib., 1898) ; Ladd, Essays on Higher Edu cation (ib., 1899) ; The leges and American Life (ib., 1897) ; id., Ameri can Colleges (ib., 1883) ; Butler, Education in the United States (Albany, 1900) ; United States Bureau of Education, Contributions to American Educational History (36 vols.) ; Gilman, Uni versity Problems (New York, 1898) ; annual sta tistics are given in Trfibner, Minerva. dcr gelehrten Welt (Strassburg).