ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES. These are of two dis tinct types: those that date from the Middle Ages, Oxford and Cambridge, and those founded during the nineteenth century. The two former have had a profound influence upon national de velopment and national life, for in no other coun try have universities been more intimately con nected with the religious, political. and literary development. The details of the history and pres cut organization of theIse two universities, wilt the literature of the subject, will be found under the titles OXFORD UNIVERSITY and CAmmunuE, UNIVERSITY OF. During the nineteenth century four universities of the modern typo were founded, all laying 41.ress on the study of the sciences and the technical branches. The:te are Durham Univer sity, founded in 1832; University of London, founded in 1836; Victoria University, founded in 1880; and Birmingham University, founded in 1900. The first is treated under Dunn.s.m and the
second and third appear under their respective titles. Birmingham University was organized on plans similar to those of London and Victoria universities, with Mason College as a nucleus. The university is governed by a chancellor, prin cipal, and a court of governors consisting of the faculties or certain members thereof. Four facul ties have been established, those of arts, science, medicine, and commerce, but degrees are also to be given in science and engineering. The aim in the establishment of this institution is to bring university work into more direct relations with industry and commerce. The university began work in the autumn of 1902 with the Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain as chancellor.