There was a strong Union party in the State at the outbreak of the Civil War. and in Febru ary, 1861, the people refused to hold a convention to consider secession, but with President Lin coln's call for troops sentiment changed, and through the influence of Governor Harris the State declared itself by popuhir vote out of the Union, June Sth, though East Tennessee had voted against secession more than two to one. On June 17th a Union contention of delegates from the eastern counties and a few middle counties met at Greeneville and petitioned to be allowed to form a separate State. The request was ignored by the Legislature, and the presence of a Confederate army prevented further action on the part of the Unionists. During the war the State furnished about 115.000 soldiers to the Confederate cause and 31,092 to' the Federal army. When the advance of Federal troops drove Governor Harris from Nashville, Andrew Johnson (q.v.), who had refused to resign his seat in the United States Senate on the secession of the State, was appointed military governor. He attempted to reorganize the State in 1864. and sent up Lincoln electors, who were rejected by Congress. In 1865 the Radical Legi$lature pro ceeded to extreme measures. Suffrage was ex tended to negroes under the Constitution of 1834, which gave that right to every freeman. The State was readmitted July 23. 1866, but there was much disorder. The Ku-Klux Klan (q.v.) appeared, and in 1869 nine counties in Middle and West Tennessee were declared under martial law. For a time after the war the recovery of the State was slow, but the development of the past twenty years has been exceedingly rapid. The principal events have been the conflicts be tween convict and free labor in the mines in 1891-03, and the Tennessee Centennial Exposition (q.v.), held at Nashville in 1897.
In the Presidential elections Tennessee chose Democratic-Republican electors from 1796 to 1824. In 1828 and again in 1832 the only issue
was Jackson, and the voters were almost unani mous for him. In 1836, however, Hugh Lawson White, the States-Rights Democrat, was success ful in spite of Jackson's efforts. From 1840 to 1852 Whig electors were chosen. Clay re ceiving the vote in 1844, though Polk was a resident of the State. In 1S51; tilt. vote .was for Buehanan. The Constitutional Union ticket headed by .John B.11 was in ] 860. The State voted for Grant in 1868, hut since that time it has been Domoeratie. From the State have come many men of national rep utation, including three Presidents, Polk. and Johnson.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Killebrew and Safford, IntroBibliography. Killebrew and Safford, Intro- duction. to the Resources of Tennessee (Nashville, 1874) ; Killebrew, Tennessee, Its Agricultural and Mineral (ib., 1877) Wright, "An tiquities of Tennessee," in Smithsonian Institu tion Report for 1S74 (Washington, 1875) ; Jones, "Explorations of the Aboriginal Remains of Ten nessee." in Smithsonian Institution Contributions to Knowledge, vol. xxii. (Washington, 1876) ; Gates, West Tennessee, Its advantages and Its Resources (Jackson, Tenn., 1885) ; Thruston. The Antiquities of Tennessee (24 ed., Cincinnati, 1897). For history, consult: Roosevelt, The of the West (New York, 1889-96) ; Put nam, History of Middle Tennessee (Nashville, 1859)1 Phelan, History of Tennessee ( Boston, 1889) ; Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee (Nashville, 1891) ; Caldwell, Studies in the Constitutional History of Tennessee (Cin cinnati. 1895) : Allison, Dropped Stitches in Tennessee History (Nashville, 1897) ; McGee, History of Tennessee (New York, 1899) : Temple, East Tennessee and the Civil War (Cincinnati, 1S99) : Fertig„ Secession and Reconstruction of Tennessee (University of Chicago Press, ISM ; Tennessee Historical Society Papers.