Tolstoy has the same power of psychological analysis that characterized Dostoyevski (q.v.), but excels him in range and variety. Dostoyevski does not get beyond the magic circle of the middle classes. while Tolstoy is equally at home in all walks of life. He draws, with the same firm hand and correctness, the rulers of men's fates. cour tiers, generals, petty officers, common soldiers, great noblemen, peasants, prisoners in the dun geons and on the great road to Siberia, mem, women, children—everywhere he strikes the very bottom of human character. There is none of Dostoyevski's nerve-harassing for the sake of sat isfying the author's own 'cruel talent'—the great reformer is actuated by nothing but the desire to get at truth, and his conscience will not rest until he arrives at it. Bence Tolstoy's works, although they depict the rise and evolution of controlling passions with a master hand, and con tain scenes that are entrancing in beauty, still possess none of those elements of piquancy that attract the many to read works of the realistic school. He came to know his peasants through his pedagogical work among them, and became a great believer in the salutary influence of labor. The philanthropic work during the famines of 1373 and 1891 gave him an impulse for the "Simplification of Life" which filled the foreign periodicals with sensational pictures and deserip• tions of Tolstoy in a cheap shirt-blouse, girded with a rope. with his hands on a plow, tilling his estate at iasnaya Polyana. Gradually he came to defy all unnecessary comforts of life, did cobbling and all manual labor for himself, preach ing Karma and the doctrines of Lao-Tse. The principle of simplification was carried into his religious beliefs: all teaching not coming from Christ Himself was ruthlessly discarded, and a new gospel reconstructed from the obi. The doctrine of evangelic humility was carried to the extreme of his famous doctrine of non-resistance —especially remarkable side by side with indi vidualism of an extreme kind. All human in
stitutions—kingly power, State, Church, judici ary, jury. army. even marriage—were in turn anathematized as standing in the way of the nat ural development of the powers of an individual. Always carrying his logic to its inexorable limits, Tolstoy had to denounce his own literary achieve ments along with all products of civilization, as begotten of idle fancy and human craving for the plaudits of the world. This double indi viduality of Tolstoy the artist and Tolstoy the man is perhaps the most striking case in the annals of literature.
In 1862 Tolstoy married Sophie Andreyevna Behrs of Moscow. by whom he had eight children. One son, Lynn LY6V1TCM who inherits his fath er's literary inclinations, has attracted consider able attention by his sketches in periodical pub lications.
Tolstoy's collected works were published at Moscow in 1•t volumes in 1,9.89-95 (5th edition). An English translation by N. H. Dole of the com plete works in 12 volumes with an introduction by the translator was published (New York, 1:100). Most of Tolstoy's works are also obtain able in French translations. There is a vast literature on Tolstoy and his works. The best books in Western languages are: De Vogii6, Le roman russe (Paris, 1866) ; Lowenfelffi Go simiiche unit Tolstoy (Berlin, IS91) ; id., L. N. Tolstoy, sent Leben, seine Wer7,:e, seine Welt ansehauunycn (ib., 1892) : Eugen Zabel, Lit tcrarisehe Strcifziigc durch, Russland; P. A. Sergeyenko, How Tolstoy Lives and Works, trans lated by I. F. Ilapgood (New York, 1899). Con sult also: Howells, J/y Literary Passions (New York. 18'95) ; Ward, "The Gospel of Count Tol stoy," in Prophets of the Nineteenth Century (ib., 1900).