Congress appropriated for two and at its next session increased the number to four, but reduced the size. The first of these acts was passed August 5, 1SS2, and in addition to the provision for the two ships made a sweeping cut in the number of officers which blocked promotion for ten years and subsequently caused endless trouble through the deficiencies in the numbers pro duced by it. Five monitors were started early in the 'seventies,' but work on them had long since ceased when it was revived by the act of 1882 which appropriated $400,000 toward their completion. In the next session $1,000,000 addi tional was appropriated, but the succeeding Con gress withdrew all unexpended balances of this. From this time on each Congress made some ad dition to the navy. In 1886 the Maine and Texas were provided for and in 1890 three battle ships of the Oregon type. In deference to the very general prejudice which existed against the high-sided, broadside battleships of European navies, these ships were given rather low free board and were called 'coast-line battleships.' But the Iowa, which was next built, was frankly described as a seagoing battleship, the unreason ing prejudice in favor of the nearly useless low free-board monitor having been much modified.
The war with Spain caused increased attention to be given to naval affairs, not only because the navy had done well, but because the people were beginning to appreciate the importance of a pow erful navy to a country which must be attacked from the sea and reach its enemies through its naval strength. They learned not only this, but that true naval defense lies not in passive pro tection of harbors by forts and harbor-defense ships, but in pursuing the enemy's naval forces at sea and destroying them. The realization of these things caused the navy to be considerably expanded; more heavy battleships, armored cruis ers, and torpedo boats were authorized; and the enlisted force, which had been nearly doubled since 1882, was now greatly increased. In 1899, for the first time in nearly twenty years, Congress passed legislation of importance con cerning the officers. Nearly all corps were slightly increased and the line and engineer corps were combined. This was practicable, as nearly all officers of both corps had been edu cated at the Naval Academy, and, while the line officers had received considerable instruction in steam engineering, the engineers had received some training in line officers' duties. The desir ability of the 'amalgamation' of the corps is yet to be determined.
The organization of the Department of the Navy is described under NAVY, DEPARTMENT 01? TIIE.
The active list of officers of the navy in May, 1902, consisted of 1299 commissioned officers, 868 cadets, mates, and warrant officers, and 200 officers of marines. The retired list consisted of 475 commissioned officers (many of whom are performing active duty on shore), 116 warrant officers (a few of whom are employed on active duty), and 27 marine officers. The enlisted force authorized was 22,500 petty officers and men, 2500 naval apprentices, and 6000 marines. The commissioned officers included 874 officers of the line (which includes engineers), 190 of the medi cal corps, 136 of the pay corps, 41 constructors, 21 civil engineers. 24 chaplains, 12 professors of mathematics, and 1 secretary to the admiral. There were 124 naval cadets at sea, 301 cadets at the Naval Academy, 93 boatswains,, 91 gunners, 69 carpenters, 9 sailmakers, 148 warrant machin ists, 25 pharmaeists, and 0 mates.
The enlisted force of the navy is divided into five branches—seaman, artificer, special, mess man, and marine. The first three have assimi lated ratings which are classified in each branch under the heads of: (a) chief petty officers; (b) petty officers, first class; (e) petty officers, second class; (d) petty officers, third class; (e) seamen, first class; seamen, second class; sea men, third class. The chief petty officers of the
seaman branch are chief master-at-arms (pay per month, $65), chief boatswain's mate ($50), chief gunner's mate ($50), chief gun-captain ($50), chief quartermaster ($50) ; in the arti ficer branch there are chief machinist ($70), chief electrician ($60), chief carpenter's mate ($50) ; in the special branch, chief commissary steward ($70), chief yeoman ($60), hospital steward ($60), commissary steward ($60), band master ($52). Petty officers of the first class consist of boatswain's mates, first class, master at-arms, first class, machinists, first class, etc., with rates of pay from $36 to $60 per month. Petty officers of the second class consist of master-at-arms, second class, machinist, second class, etc., with pay ranging from $35 to $40. Petty officers of the third class consist of master at-arms, third class, etc., pay $30 per month in all cases. The seamen, first class, consist of seamen gunners ($26), seamen ($24), appren tices, first class ($21), firemen, first class ($35), and musicians, first class ($32). The seamen, second class, consist of ordinary seamen ($19), apprentices, second class ($15), firemen, second class ($30), shipwrights ($25), musicians, sec ond class ($30), buglers ($30), hospital ap prentices ($20). The seamen, third class, consist of landsmen ($16), apprentices, third class ($9), and coal passers ($22). In the messmen branch, officers' stewards are paid $24 to $45 and their cooks $20 to $40. Ship's cooks (for the crew) are paid $25 to $55 and bakers $33 to $45. Officers' mess attendants are paid $16 to $24. In the enlisted force of the marine corps, sergeant-majors are paid $34 to $42; other ser geants, $18 to $42; drum major, $25 to $33; corporals, $15 to $23; drummers, trumpeters, and privates, $13 to $21 ; leader of the band, $125 to $175; second leader of the hand, $75 to $83; mu sicians, first class, $60; musicians, second class, $50. All men not petty officers are given all outfit of clothing upon enlisting for the first time and marines of all ratings are given an ample allowance of clothing throughout their en listment. The mess expenses of enlisted men are met by an allowance of a ration of 30 cents a day in addition to the rates of pay.
Officers of the navy who have creditable records are retired at the age of 62 years on three-fourths the pay received at (late of retirement. Officers retired for disability or incapacity may receive three-fourths pay, half pay, or furlough pay (about one-third full pay). Marine officers, as well as army officers, are retired for age at 64 years. Enlisted men are pensioned for disability or retired after thirty years' service on three fourths the highest rate of pay received.
The vessels of the United States navy in 1902 were 305 in number, the more important of which are grouped together in the tabular state ment in the article NAVIES.
The United States possesses a number of naval stations, both at home and in its ontlying ter ritories and possessions. Of these, 6 are navy yards of the first class, located at New York, Norfolk. Mare Island (near San Francisco). l3os ton. Philadelphia, and Port Orchard (Puget Sound) ; 3 navy yards of the second class, located at Portsmouth (N. II.), Pensacola (Fla.), and New Orleans (La.) ; 4 of the third elas$. located at Port Royal (S. C.), Charleston (S. C.)—this will be an important yard when completed—San Juan (Porto Rico), Cavite (P. 1.) ; 3 of the fourth class, located at Key West, Pollok (Mindanao. P. 1.), and Isabela Basilan (P. 1.) ; 2 training stations, located at Newport and Yerba Buena Island (San Francisco Bay) ; 1 naval academy at Annapolis; 1 torpedo station, at Newport; 1 gun factory at Washington; 1 ordnance proving, ground, at Indian head (near Washington) : 5 coaling stations located at New London, Tortugas (near Key West), liawaii (navy yard to be established), Guam, and Tutuila (SanlOa )