REMEDIES. The arguments advanced against the use of alcoholic drinks have been: ( ) Scriptural, based on a supposed distinction in the Bible between fermented and unfermented wine, as shown by the use of the Hebrew words yayin and tirosh; (2) physiological, which claims alcohol to be a poison and which shows that temperance conduces to health; (3) so cial, viewing alcohol as a cause of crime, vice, and poverty; and (4) economic, in that the manufacture and consumption of alcohol are non productive and a great waste of material. The remedies offered by the early temperance move ment were reformatory and preventive. Moral suasion was used, and drinkers were urged to sign the pledge and to strengthen themselves by the aid of prayer and religion. Total abstinence was demanded of the strong to help the weak. Prohibition was urged ill order to remove tempta tion. Homes and asylums were established, as the Washingtonian House in Chicago and the Franklin Home, Philadelphia. The preven tion work was largely educational through the distribution of literature, lectures, the formation of societies, and the prepara tion of text-books for use in the public schools. Business considerations now' exert an important influence. In positions of responsibil ity or where accidents are likely (such as en gineers, foremen, watchmen) drinking is pro hibited. The habits of applicants for employ ment are carefully scrutinized, especially in the business of transportation. Even where moder ation is overlooked, excess is never tolerated. Saloon property pays a higher insurance rate. Some life insurance companies refuse to insure men engaged in the liquor business.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Important contributions to the Bibliography. Important contributions to the Study of the liquor problem have been made by the Committee of Fifty formed in 1893 and com prising representative men in the fields of educa tion, religion, and sociology. The committee had its origin in a group of men who, beginning in 1889, had associated themselves for the purpose of pursuing the study of practical problems in sociology. Papers written by various members and criticised by all were published in the Cen tury Magazine and the Forum. Meetings of the committee take place twice a year in New York. Four sub-committees deal with the different as pects of the liquor problem, physiological, legis lative, economic, and ethical. The publications of the committee comprise: (1) Wines and Koren, The Liquor Problem. in Its Legislative Aspects (Boston and New York, 1897) ; (2) Koren, Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem, (ib., 1899) ; (3) Calkins, Social Substitutes for the Saloon (ib., 1901) ; (4) Billings, Physiologi cal Aspects of the Liquor Problem (ib., Twelfth Annual Report of United States Com missioner of Labor (1897) ; "Economic Aspects of Liquor Problem," Cyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition (New York, 1891) ; Temperance of All Nations, edited by Sterns (Papers of World's Temperance Congress, 1893, New York, 1893) ; Tracts, Publications, and files of papers of W. C. T. U. and temperance societies; Samuel son, The History of Drink (London, 1880).