In the United States a distinctive type of trade school was developed in the foundation of the New York Trade Schools in 1881. Both day and evening classes are conducted in this institu tion. The evening classes, although admitting beginners, are largely made up of young men already started at their trades. In the day classes young men are admitted only at an age —from seventeen to twenty-five—when they will be able to learn rapidly, and so acquire sufficient skill in short courses of four months to enter at one upon practical work. The purpose is to give a thorough grounding in the practice and theory of a trade which may be perfected by later experience in regular work. The school instruction is confined entirely to practical work. Evening schools similar to those of the New York Trade Schools have been established by the Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, the Philadelphia Mas ter Builders' Exchange, and the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association of Boston. To these should be added the first instance of public support of such an institution in the Evening School of Trades at Springfield, Mass.
Another type of trade school has made its ap pearance in the United States in the Williamson Free Schools of Mechanical Trades (q.v.) near Philadelphia. Institutions similar in plan to some of the European trade schools, in which the aim is to combine the teaching of a trade with a general education, are represented by the California School of Mechanical Arts and the Wilmerding School of Industrial Arts of San Francisco.
In addition to the regular institutions, noted above, several instances exist in Europe and the United States of factory or employees' schools. These schools are almost uniformly conducted in the evening, and in the main provide instruction of a nature related to the practical work of the employees, such as drawing and mathematics. Examples of such schools in the United States are those conducted by R. Hoe & Co., printing press manufacturers, of New York City, and the Cleveland Twist Drill Co. The Ludlow Manu
facturing Co., of Ludlow, Mass., which employs large numbers of women and girls, supports an evening school giving instruction in cooking. sew ing, and physical culture. Somewhat similar classes are carried, on by the National Cash Regis ter Co., of Dayton, Ohio. Employee,;' schools in which specialized technical instruction is given are conducted by several associations of em ployees and also by individual manufacturing concerns in various parts of France. Quite dif ferent from such schools are the schools for the children of employees, which are maintained by a number of large industrial corporations in Great Britain, France. and Germany. Notable among these ara the schools of Lever Brothers, Port Sunlight, England; of the Krupp Works, Essen, Germany; and the Trade School of the Northern Railway Co., Paris.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. It is impossible to indicateBibliography. It is impossible to indicate even in the most limited way a satisfactory bib liography of technical education. Some of the more important data are contained in the fol lowing: Reports of the U. S. Commissioner of Education, vols. i. and ii.: 1896-97. vol.
i.; 1897-98, vol. 1898-99, vol. i.; 1899-1900, vol. i.; Serentcenth Annual Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Labor; "Education in the dustrial and Fine Arts in the United States," U. S. Bureau of Education; Report of thc Royal Commission on Technical Education for Great Britain; Proceedings of the International Con gresses for Technical, Commercial. and Industrial Education Magnus, Industrial Education (London, 18S8) ; (Wer dos technische und lereinswesen Frankreichs (Vienna, 1881) ; Mortimer d'Ocagne, Les grandes ecoles do France (Paris, 1887) ; Sehoenhof. Industrial Ed ucation in France (Washington, 1888) ; fel, Die technischen Schnlen und Hochschulen und die Bediirfnisse der dentschen Industrie (Leipzig, 1897) ; Rein, Eneyklopiidisches Handbuch der Piidagogik (Langensalza, 1902).