TITLES OF HONOR. Designations to which certain persons are legally entitled in conse quence of possessing particular dignities or of fices. Titles of honor may be divided into those of sovereignty, superior and inferior, no bility, greater and lesser, and titles of peculiar ly official significance. Superior sovereign titles are emperor and king (qq.v.) and, in Turkey and Persia, sultan, and shah (q.v.). Czar and kaiser (qq.v.), from etrsar, correspond to em peror. Inferior sovereign titles include grand duke (ranking next to king), duke, and prince (qq.v.) in some of the German States. and prince in Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Monaco. Eastern equivalents of the inferior titles are bey. khan (both post-positive), khedive, raja (qqx.)• Greater nobility titles include, in de scending scale, prince. duke, marquis. eonnt (earl in Great Britain), viscount, and baron (qq.v.). In Great Britain there is no title prince outside of the royal family. In Austria there is no duke, except archduke (q.v.) (of the Imperial family), and in a few princely houses, where the term remains as a sub. title, but is not used: in Germany, no vis count: in Russia. no viscount. marquis, or duke, except grand duke (of the Imperial family). Lesser nobility titles include baronet and es quire (qq.v.), peculiar to Great Britain. and knight (q.v.), chevalier, and ritter, the last three being practically equivalent terms. There are also lesser nobility titles for the chiefs of Scottish and Irish clans, and such Eastern titles as bey, effendi, and pasha (qq.v.), all three post
positive. The titles of honor having peculiarly official significance are largely such ecclesias tical. military, and governmental terms at arch bishop, general. goveno•, etc. Courtesy titles, distinct from true titles of honor, since their validity rests in custom rather than law, are given to the sons of the British nobility. A noble takes his highest title and is permitted to set aside an inferior title, usually his second, to he assumed by his eldest son. The younger sons of dukes and marquises have the courtesy title lord (q.v.) prefixed to their given name or surname, and the daughters of dukes, mar quises, and earls prefix lady. The younger sons of earls and the sons and daughters of vis counts and barons are called honorable. • Certain forms of reference are used in respect to various titles. is attributed to em peror and king, and to the former often Imperial Majesty; Imperial Highness to title of child of an emperor; Royal Highness to title of child of a king (in Great Britain also grandchild of the sovereign), aml to grand duke and prince reign ing; Highness, alone or variously qualified to prince; in Great Britain, Grace to duke. Lord ship to any other peer (q.v.). See FORMS OF ADDRESS ; PRECEDENCE.