TURENNE, to'rke, HENRI DE LATOUR D'AUVERGNE, Vicomte de (1611-75). A Marshal of France. He was born at Sedan, September 11, 1611, the second son of Henry, Duke of Bouillon, and was brought up in the Reformed faith. He entered the French army in 1630, served with dis tinction under Bernhard of Weimar in 1637-38, and his victory over the Spaniards before Cstsale in 1640 added to his laurels. He conquered Rous sillon from the Spaniards in 1642, and was re warded with the baton of a Marshal of France. At the close of 1643 he was placed at the head of the army operating in Germany, where the French had sustained a great defeat at the hands of the Bavarians and Imperialists. Together with the Duke of Engbicn (later Conde) he fought against General Mercy at Freiburg in August, 1644. After suffering defeat at Marien thal, May 5, 1645, at the hands of Mercy, lie shared in Cond6's victory near Niirdlingen, August 3d. The next year Turenne united with the Swedes to complete the conquest of Bavaria, and by his successes hastened the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). Under the influence of his elder brother and the Duchess of Longue rifle (q.v.) he joined the Fronde (q.v.), but, together with his Spanish allies, was defeated by Duplessis at Bethel in December, 1650. In the following year he became reconciled with the Court, and successfully commanded the royal armies against Conde, who had in the meanwhile gone over to the Fronde. In 1667, on the out break of the so-called War of Devolution (see Loms XIV.), the King gave him the supreme command of the army, with which he overran Flanders and Franche-Comt6. Louis XIV. suc
ceeded in inducing him to embrace the Catholic faith (1668). Turenne's campaign in Holland (1672) was a triumphant one; and the Elector of Brandenburg, who had ventured to side with the Dutch, was forced to sue for peace. In the following campaign, however, Turenne was out manceuvred by the imperialist general, Monte cueuli. In 1674 he laid waste the Palatinate and defeated the Duke of Lorraine at Sinzheim. Forced from Alsace by superior forces, Turenne executed a masterly retreat, and found safety behind the Vosges Mountains: then in a mid winter campaign he succeeded in reconquering the country after two decisive victories at :Wild hausen and Tiirkheim. Once more he crossed the Rhine to take up the game against his old rival, Tlontecuculi, but was killed while reconnoitring before Sasbach, near Offenburg, July 27, 1675. He was buried at Saint-Denis, and his body was placed by Napoleon in the Invalides. Turenne left memoirs of his campaigns from'1643 to 1658, which are of considerable interest to the student of military history (Paris. 1782; new edition 1872). For his biography. consult Armagnac .(Tours, 1SSO), Duruy (5th ed., Paris, 1889), Hozier (London, 1885). and Ramsey (ib.. 1774). Consult also: Neither. Turenne else Kriegsthro retiker rind Frldherr (Vienna, 1869) ; and Roy, Turrnne, sa vie et les institutions de son temps (Paris, 1895).