TYNG, STErnEN 110;mxsoN (1800-85).
A 'Protestant. Episcopal clergyman. lie was horn at Newburyport, Mass.; graduated at Harvard college, 1817; engaged in mercantile pursuits for two years; studied theology, and was ordained in 1821; preached at Georgetown, D. C., 1821-23; at Queen Anne's Parish, Prince George Co., Md., 1823-29; was rector of Saint Paul's Church, Philadelphia, 1829; of the Church of the Epiphany, Philadelphia, 1833; and of Saint George's Church, New' York, 1845. which charge he resigned in 1879. Dr. Tyng was a pro nounced evangelical and low ehurchman and a leading opponent of ritualism. Ile was widely noted for his fervid eloquence 95 a preacher, and he zealously advocated total abstinence and other reforms. He published, aside from discourses, Memoirs of Rev. Gregory T. Bedell (1835), and those of Dud ley Atkins Tyng ( 1S66) ; Recollections of England (1847) ; Forty Years' Experience in Sunday-Schools (1860); The Prayer Book Illus trated by Scriptures (8 vols., 1863-67) ; and The Office and Duty of the Christian Pastor (1874). He was editor of The Episcopal Recorder, The Theological Repository, and The Protestant Churchman. Consult his Life by his SOD, C. R. Tyng (New York, 1891).
TYPE (Lat. typos, from Gk. 1-67oc, type, figure, impress, blow, from typtein, to strike; probably connected with arv.76(m, sty
pazein, to push, Skt. top, sthump, to destroy, Lat. stuprunt, violation). In zofflogy: (1) The name applied by De Blainville to the four branches of Cuvier. These 'types' were founded on what were then considered as four fundamen tal 'plans' of organization. !See CLASSIFICA TION OF ANIMALS.) Cuvier 111(1 his successors. notably Von Bael and L. Agassiz, taught that these types existed, as it were, side by side, the Vertebrata the highest. but with no genetic con nection, and that each type was characterized by a distinct plan of strueture—a view now super seded by that of the doetrine•of descent. See EVOLUTION ; PUTLOGENT.
(2) The 'type' or 'typical species' of a genus. is the one first described, or regarded as the most typical, and about which the other species were clustered. A 'type specimen' is that individual. or the several individuals, which served as the basis for the description of a new species. The careful preservation of an author's type speci men is all-important in systematic zoology and botany, as it is the ultimate source of appeal in unraveling complicated cases of synonymy.