URBAN. The name of eight popes. URBAN I., SAINT, Pope 222-230. His pontificate, coming under the reign of the Emperor Alexander Sever us, was little disturbed by external persecution_ The schismatic movement fostered by the self willed rigorist Hippolytus still continued; but Urban, like his predecessor Calixtus (or Callis tus) I., set himself firmly against it.—URBAN 11., Pope 1088-99, originally Othon by name. He was Archdeacon of Auxerre, and then entered the Monastery of Cluny, where he became prior. Gregory VII. called him to Rome and made him Bishop of Ostia. His election to the Papacy was contested by the Imperial candidate, Guibert of Ravenna, under the name of Clement III., and the first years of his pontificate were a time of constant strife. Urban II. successfully prose cuted the struggle of the Papacy against the Em peror Henry IV., which had been inaugurated by Gregory VII. In 1094 he excommunicated Philip I. of France for his matrimonial infidelity. He
presided at the famous Council of Clermont iu 1095, which gave the impulse to the Crusades. The most important event of the last years of his pontificate was holding a council at Bari in 1098, at which many Greek bishops were present, and in which the addition of the word filioque to the creed was discussed. He died in the close of 1099, just at the time when the First Crusade, which he had organized, terminated in the suc cessful occupation of Jerusalem.—URBAN III., Pope 1185-87, Umberto Crivelli. Before his eleva tion to the Papacy be was Archbishop of Milan. He was an opponent of Frederick Barbarossa. The Emperor besieged the Pope in Verona, but was recalled to Germany by tidings of revolt there, and Urban was on the point of excommu nicating him when he died near Ferrara, it is said of a broken heart, on hearing of the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin.