USES. A technical term employed to denote equitable rights to the benefits and profits of real estate, the legal title to which is in a person other than the beneficiary of the `use.' The in troduction of the doctrine of uses was the result of the attempts of the English clergy to evade the effects of the Statutes of Alortmain. and to enjoy the gifts of the pious. To do this, land was conveyed to a third person, with the under standing or an express declaration that it was to be held to the use of the religious person or corporation intended to be the real donee. When this practice was first introduced, this obligation could only be enforced by threats of excommuni cation from the Church. Afterwards the Chan cellor, who was usually appointed from the clergy, assumed jurisdiction over such convey ances, and employed the power of the courts of equity to enforce the use. This effect of such conveyances aroused the hostility of the King and great lords of the realm, which culminated in the enactment of the famous statute of 27 Henry VIII. e. 10, commonly known as the Stat ute of Uses. This act provided, in effect, that where a conveyance was made under the circum stances above described, the beneficiary should receive the legal estate as well as the right to the profits, etc., and also be liable to the lord for
the feudal duties. The statute only temporarily accomplished its purpose, as the courts of equity speedily evolved the law of 'trusts,' which were practically the same as 'uses,' but under a dif ferent name. However, the statute had the im portant effect of making possible the creation of legal estates to begin in the future without mak ing them legal remainders. The system of con veyancing made possible by the Statute of Uses was finally superseded by the practice of trans ferring property by deeds of 'bargain and sale.' The law of uses, as modified by the Statute of Uses, became a part of the common law of the United States, and still obtains in many States, but has been expressly abolished in a few juris dictions, including New York. Consult Gilbert, Law of Uses and Trusts (3d ed.. London. 1811), and the authorities referred to under REAL PROP ERTY; also see TRUST.
USHAK, (.-shii.k/. A town of the Vilayet of Brusa, Asia :Minor, Turkey, 125 miles east-north east of Smyrna (Slap: Turkey in Asia, C 3). It is noted for its carpet manufactures. Popula tion, in 1900, 13,084 (estimated).