TROWBRIDGE, WILLIAM PETIT ( 1828-92). An American engineer, horn in Oakland County, Mieh. He graduated, first in his class, at West Point in 1843; was assigned to the Corps of Engineers as a brevet second lieutenant; was engaged in making astronomical observations at the Military Academy Observatory in 1848-50, aml from 1850 to 1856, when he resigned from the army, was engaged in important work on the United States Coast Survey. In 1856-57 lie was professor of inathematies at the University of Miehigan; and in 1857-61 was scientific secretary of the Superintendent of the rnited Stales Coast Survey. From 1861 to 1865, during the Civil War. he was in -barge of the Engineer Agency at New York City. Subsequently he was pro fessor of ilynamic engineering in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College from 1870 to 1877; was adjutant-general of the State of Con necticut from 1872 to 1S76; and from 1S77 until his death was professor of engineering in the Columbia School of Mines. Ile is credited by some with having first suggested the idea of the cantilever bridge. Besides numerous maga zine articles, he published Heat as a Sourcf., of Power (1874).
TROY (Lat. Troia, from Gk. Tpoia). The most famous city of Greek legend. It was situated in the northwestern corner of Asia Minor, in a small plain through which, from the southeast, flows to the Hellespont the ancient Scamander (now entered a short dis tance from its mouth by a small stream from the east, the ancient Simois (now Dumbrek Su). In the angle once formed by these streams (the modern courses have altered greatly) lies a low hill, jutting from the range of Mount Ida, which was known in Roman times as Ilium Noram, and was regarded by many as the succes sor of the Homeric Troy. Year by is the mod ern village of Hissarlik. The claims of this site had always found defenders, but since the work of Le Chevalier at the end of the eighteenth cen tury there had been a strong trend of scholarly opinion in favor of the ruins near Bunarbashi on the Bali Dagh, a steep cliff over the Seaman der, south of its entrance to the plain. The presence of warm springs near by also served to strengthen this identification. The site. as well as the summit on the opposite side of the valley, was certainly fortified in very early times as a protection against incursions from the south, but. excavation has shown conclusively that the capital of the district lay on the hill of Hissarlik, rather less than four miles from both the _];gear and Hellespont. and correspond ing far more closely than could have been rea sonably expected with the topographical indica tions of the Iliad. The credit for the exploration of this site belongs to Heinrich Schliemann who began excavations in 1870, and in the three following, years had laid hare enough to show that underneath the Roman and later Greek ruins which crowned the hill were remains of a settlement of unknown antiquity, even though the names "Sefean Gate" and "Priam's Palace" seemed extravagant. In 1878-79 another cam paign with scientific coadjutors led to more definite results, which were still further in creased by the excavations of 1882 by Schlimann and D6rpfeld. Another visit in 1890 led to further important modifications of previous re sults. and though the death of Schliemann in December, 1890. prevented the immediate con tinuation of the work. it was resumed in 1893 by D6rpfeld.
The history of the hill as read in the excava tions and later writers is that of a series of at least nine successive settlements, many of which were only small collections of wretched huts, though a convenient terminology has dignified them all as 'cities.' Che first ( ) settlement is a small group of dwellings surrounded by a wall, belonging to the end of the Neolithic Period. The second (2) city, held by 5el1kmann to be the Troy, was defended by a strong wall of rough stone, topped by crude brick, and seems to have extended its circuit twice, the second time with marked alteration's in the situation of the gates. Within were sev eral houses, consisting of a great hall and vesti bule, of the type found later in Myeenfe and Tiryns, and apparently described in the Homeric poems. The civilization indicated by the pottery and lesser finds shows that the inhabitants were at the beginning of the Bronze Age, belonging to the period of the so-called "Island" civilization. (See ARCILEOLOGY. ) The rulers were evidently of some wealth and power, but their identity seems lost forever. The continuity of tradition
in the pottery and general type of building, and the similarity with much found in l'hrygia, seem to warrant the belief that there was no change of race from the second to the sixth city, and that this people were kindred of the Indo European Phrygians. Yet they were not at peace with their neighbors, as is shown by the fact that the second city was burned, and the site left desolate. The place was resettled,however, and the houses of the third (3) city were built on the rubbish which concealed their predeces sors; the wall also was repaired, and the gates narrowed for greater security. This city, too, was destroyed, or perhaps abandoned, but was again resettled (4), as an open village. To this succeeded (5) another village of little huts, de fended by a wall of no very great strength. The next city (6) was, however, of a very different sort. It was defended by a strong wall of smoothed stone, of far greater circuit than that of the city No. 2. and of such workmanship that a bit discovered by Sehliemann was attributed to the Hellenistic period. This wall was pierced by gates. provided with strong flanking towers. Within were houses of considerable size, but of the same simple plan as those in the second city. Owing to a great terrace built by the Romans, which cut down the lop of the hill. the remains of this city are only preserved around the edge, while the centre, which doubtless contained the royal palace, has vanished. As Schliemann's ex cavations were almost entirely confined to the centre of the bill, it was possible for him to miss this city, which belonged to the Myeena•an period, and certainly corresponds to the Homeric Troy. It seems clear from the objects found, that the kings of Troy. though powerful enough to build strong walls. ruled over a people less advanced in artistic work. The old plain pottery continued in general use, and the Trojan imitations of the imported Mycemean ware, while good in form and color, show conspicuous deficiency in the characteristic graceful decoration. Tho remains clearly show that this royal castle was destroyed by fire, and also that after no very long period another settlement (7) covered the hill. Myee n:ran vases have been found in its lower strata, but whether the inhabitants were survivors of the Trojans, or the first wave of Greek settlers, cannot with certainty be determined. It is clear, however, that the Cimmerian invasion in the eighth century n.c. reached this hill, and after destroying the inhabitants, either Treres or Cim merians took up their abode on the site, till in the seventh century they were driven forth and Troja o• Ilion was occupied by Greeks (8). The settlers seem to have been a small band of JEolian colonists, who were cut off from the sea by other Greek towns, and seem to have lived with little to recall the ancient glory of the place. The prosperity of the place (9) began with the visit of Alexander in B.C. 334, and the Temple of Athena Ilias became after his death the centre of a league of free cities of the Troad. Near the end of the fourth century Lysinmehus fortified it with a wall some five miles in cir cumference, and also built on the hill a marble Temple of Athena. Later the town was under the control of Seleucus, but its history during this time is obscure. It passed under the Roman protection B.C. 189, and was honored as the city of .Eneas, and thus the parent of Rome. In the first civil war, about B.C. 85, it was stormed and sacked by the Marian Fimbria. New prosperity came with Julius for the .Julian family traced their descent from Aseanius, and Augustus rebuilt the Temple of Athena and surrounded it with courts and porticoes. Later emperors favored it, and Constantine planned to make it the seat of his new capital. It was for a long time the seat of a bishopric, but was plundered about 1306 by the Turks and since then has lain in ruins.
For the legendary history of Troy, see TROJAN WAR.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. The excavations of SchlieBibliography. The excavations of Schlie- mann and are published in Trojan An tiquities (London. 1874), Ilios (ib., 1881), Troja (ib., 1884); Berieht iibcr die Ausgrabungen in Troja ins Jalire 1S90, von H. Selffiemann and Dorpfeld (Leipzig, 1891) ; Dfirpfeld, Troja, 1893 (ib., 1S94) ; and finally in the definitive work by Ddrpfeld and others. Troja unit Ilion (Athens, 1902). Consult also Schuchardt, Schlicnalun's Excavations, trans. by E. Sellers (London; 1891).