UPPER AUSTRIA, or AUSTRIA ABOVE TILE ENNS. An archduchy and crownland, occupying the western part of the original Archduchy of Austria—the nucleus of the Austrian Empire. It is bounded on the north by Bavaria and Bo hemia, on the east by Lower Austria, on the south by Styria and Salzburg, on the west by Bavaria, from which it is separated by the Inn and its tributary, the Salzach (Map: Austria, D 2). Area, 4631 square miles.
Almost all the archduchy is either mountainous or rolling. The Danube divides the land into two very unequal parts. The northern and smaller be longs to the primitive formation of the Bbhmer Wald system, while the southern belongs to the Alps (Kalkalpen) system, where high peaks, with glaciers on their slopes, lift their heads. The highest point in the archduchy is approximately 10,000 feet—the Dachstein, on the extreme south ern border. In the mountainous southwest ern portion is the famous Salzkammergut (q.v.), from which the Trawl Valley descends south easterly to below Linz, through the heart of the archduchy. In the western portion is the Daus ruck region, which produces brown coal in abun dance. The Enns, an affluent of the Danube, en tering near the southeast corner of the arch duchy, marks the eastern boundary. Upper Austria is well watered. The Kammersee and Traunsee are the largest of its lakes. There are
about thirty mineral springs, the best known being the saline waters at Isehl and the iodine waters at Hall. The climate is moderate and bracing.
The archduchy is highly productive. Over one third of the total area is tilled, over one-third is in forests and nearly one-fifth meadows. Barley, oats, wheat, vegetables, fruit, and wine are the most prominent productions. Cattle and horse raising are very important industries. Brown coal and salt are extensively mined, and there are valuable quarries of gypsum and stone. Cop per is found in the north. The salt industry is a Government monopoly and about 30 per cent. of the product of the Empire is supplied by Up per Austria. The archduchy manufactures metal wares—weapons, knives, etc.—machinery, linens, cottons, paper, and cellulose.
The Landtag has 50 members, including the Bishop of Linz, 10 representatives from large landed estates, 17 from cities, 19 from rural communities, and 3 from the chambers of in dustry and commerce in the capital. Linz, the leading town. To the Lower House of Austria the crownland sends 20 delegates, all German. Population, in 1900, 810,246, mostly German Catholics.