TYROL, or TIROL, Ger. pros?. te-r6V. A erownland of Austria, united with Vorarlberg under one administration. It is bounded on the north by Bavaria, on the east by Salzburg and Carinthia, on the south by Italy, and on the west by Switzerland and Vorarlberg (Map: Austria, B 3). Area about 10.300 square miles. Tyrol is almost entirely covered by the Alps. It re sembles Switzerland, except that it has no large lakes. The Lago di Garda, however, enters on the south. Through the northern part extends the valley of the Inn, with the Lech Alps on the northwest. The Inn is the most important river in the erownland. It becomes navigable at Hall, just below Innsbruck. The watershed in Tyrol between the Danube and the Po, separating northern from southern Tyrol, is formed by the Oetzthal Alps on the west (reaching about 12,500 feet) and by the Zillerthal Alps toward the east. The famous Brenner Pass lies between and marks the chief depression of the divide. In the Ziller thal group rises the Drave. It flows through the Pusterthal, and leaves Tyrol on the extreme eastern boundary. The southern end of Tyrol is mainly occupied by the valley of the Adige, with the remarkable Dolomite Alps on the east. The Adige flows south and enters Italy west of the Lessinian Alps, which line the Ital ian frontier. The Samna! Alps lie in the centre of Tyrol, at the eastern foot of the Oetzthal Alps. Tyrol contains and is bordered by numerous other groups of mountains. The Hohe Tauern (with the Gross Glockner peak, about 12.500 feet) forms the northeastern bound ary, the Kitzhiihl Alps He on the Salzburg bor der, and the Ortler group enters from the south west and forms the loftiest elevation in Tyrol-12,790 feet. The mountains of Tyrol are famous for their picturesque valleys. The climate is of great variety. In the north—the valley of the Inn—it is raw and cold, as is also the ease in the Pusterthal. In the south, in the region of the Adige, the climate is hot in sum mer, and the lassitude of Italy is felt.
Tyrol is in general little adapted to tillage, the better portions being devoted mainly to meadows. About two thirds of the surface is covered with forests. The agricultural suctions are in the valleys in the northern and southern districts. Southern Tyrol is noted for its wine, and it gross lunch fruit. Zinc and sulphur are mined; also some coal, iron, and copper. The in dustries are not extensive. Cotton goods are pro duced in the Jun Valley and silk goods in the Adige district. Spinning and weaving as house industries are conspicuous. The woodcarving is famous. Carpets, iron Willes, and marble are shipped, as well as cattle, lumber, and cheese.
There is a univers1ity at the capital, Inns bruck. Tyrol has a Diet of 68 members-34
representing the rural coinmunities, 13 the towns, and 10 the landed aristocracy, the principal ecclesiastical dignitaries having seats in the body. The Statthalter in Innsbruck is at the head of the administration for Tyrol and Vorarlberg, but e has its own tion and Diet. Tyrol 21 members to the Lower House of the Austrian Beichsrat. The population in 1900 was 850,062, mostly Catho lics. About 55 per cent. of the inhabitants are Germans, nearly all of the remainder being Italians and Ladins.
In Roman times Tyrol formed part of Rhictia, which was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 15. At the time of the great migration of nations it was overrun by various German tribes, including the Ostrogoths. The southern portion later fell into the hands of the Lombards, and the northern became subject to the Bavarians, who were subdued by the Franks. Ultimately the country was divided into a number of petty lordships, some under the suzerainty of the dukes of Bavaria, some under that of the bish ops of Trent, and others under that of the *bishops of Brixen. The whole of German Tyrol finally eame into possession of one family, the counts of the Adige or of Tyrol (the latter be ing the name of their castle, so-ealled from the Roman Teriolis, near the site of which it stood). The last Count, who died in 1335, left one daughter, Margaret Maultasch. She bequeathed her rights to her cousins, the dukes of Austria, who thus acquired possession of Tyrol in 1363. The Italian slope remained in possession of the bishops of Trent, who were dispossessed in 1803. By the Treaty of Pressburg in 1S05 Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, much to the discontent of the people, who were warmly attached to the House of Austria. They made a ri resistanee to the French in 1809, under Andreas Hofer (q.v.), but were defeated. By the Treaty of Schonbrunn the county was divided into three parts, North Tyrol going to Bavaria, South Tyrol to the King dom of Italy, and the eastern part being annexed to the Illyrian Provinces. Tyrol was restored to Austria by the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The acquisition of Italian Tyrol forms part of the programme of the Italian irredentists. See IR REDENTISM.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Tirol and Bibliography. Tirol and the Tirolese (London, 1876) ; Busk. The Valleys of Tirol (ib., 1874) ; Sehneller, Landeskunde von Tirol (Innsbruck. 1872) ; Achleitner and Tirol and Vorarlberg (Leipzig, 1902); Haushofer, Tirol (Bielefeld, 1903) ; Purtscheller and Hess, Der Hnehlourisl in den Ogialpen (Leipzig, 1899). For history, consult: Huber, Geschichle dcr l'ereinigung Tirois mit Ocstcrreich (Innsbruck, 1864) ; Egger. Geschichte Timis (ib., 1872-80).