STREETS, BUILDINGS, AND AIONUMENTS. The divisions of Berlin are marked by the course of the natural waterways intersecting the city. Three of the older parts of the city—viz., Old Kann, with its royal castle; Old Berlin, with the city hall; and Friedrichswerder and New with the Arsenal and State Bank—form the first circle around the centre which consti tuted the original city. Next follows a second concentric circle of seven parts, viz., Dorotheen stadt, Friedrichstadt, Friedrich - Wilhelmstadt, Konigstadt, Spandauer Viertel, Stralauer Vier tel, and Luisenstadt. A third circle is formed around the famous Thiergarten as a centre, and includes Moabit, Wedding, and the Oranienburg and Rosenthal suburbs on the north, and the Friedrich. Sehoneberg, and Tempelhof suburbs on the south. Berlin is distinguished by a large number of imposing modern public edifices and by numerous splendid public monuments. lts most celebrated street is Unter den Linden (so called from its double avenue of linden-trees), one of the finest and most spacious streets in Europe. It is entered from the Thiergarten through the celebrated Brandenburg Gate, the only one of the city gates left since the demoli tion of the city walls, erected in 1789-93 by Langhans, in imitation of the Propylaea at Athens. It consists of a double portico of 12 Doric columns, forming five passageways for carriages, and is surmounted by a Quadriga of Victory. After Unter den Linden, the principal thoroughfares are the Friedrichstrasse, Leip ziger Strasse, Potsdamer Strasse, Wilhelm strasse, Kilnigstrasse, and Kaiser - Wilhelm stra.sse. Among the church edifices the new cathedral in Italian Renaissance, founded in 1894 on the site of the old cathedral, is the largest and most imposing. lts cost was 10,000,000 marks. The Gothic Klosterkirche, built by the Franciscans at the end of the Thirteenth Cen tury, is one of the best preserved specimens of medieval architecture. Of modern churches, the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, in late Ro manesque, erected in 1891-95, with its main tower 370 feet high, is the loftiest structure in Berlin. Two other noteworthy ecclesiastical
buildings are the Roman Catholic Church of Saint Michael, erected in 1853-56 as a garrison church, and the New Synagogue of Moorish architecture, built in 1859-66, with a seating ca pacity of 3000, and distinguished for its interior deco•at ions.
The most notable secular building is the Royal Palace, during the reign of Frederick the Great, and since the accession of William II. the 'In perial residence. It contains 600 rooms, of which the Old Throne-Room, with its gorgeous rococo decoration. the White Hall, the Palace Chapel adorned with frescoes, on a gold ground, and the Picture Gallery are the most beautiful. Opposite the palace is the Old Museum, a noble structure in Greek style, erected by Schinkel in 1824-28; in the rear and connected with it is the New :Museum, in Renaissance style, built. by Stiller in 1843-55. Next to this rises the Na tional Gallery in the form of a. Corinthian tem ple. The arsenal, a square structure in late Italian Renaissance, built in 1605-1706, is re markable for the fine sculptures adorning its exterior, notably the famous heads of Dying Warriors, executed by Sehltiter. In its vicinity arc situated the Kiinigswache (Royal Guard house), in the form of a Roman castrum, and the Academy of Architecture, both by Schipke!, the latter one of his most original creations. In its skillful blending of mediaeval structural forms with Greek details, it makes a happy emu bination, which may also be observed in the Schauspielhans (Royal Theatre) by the same architect. In the centre of the city the impos ing Rathaus (City Hall) attracts attention, and among other structures of more recent date may be mentioned the Exchange, the Deutsche Reichs hank in Renaissance, with fine color effects due to the judicious combination of sandstone and brick; the handsomely adorned Anhalt Railway Station; and the new Reichstags-Gebaude, so far the foremost architectural achievement in Berlin.