CRIMEAN WAR. Previous to this war, the corps drivers in the British artillery were replaced by enlisted eannonee•s and drivers in 1822, and in the French in 1829. The field-batteries consisted of 4 guns and 2 howitzers each, the guns being 8- and 12-pounders, and the howitzers 24- and 32 pounders. Weights were reduced, and the am munition was carried in chests on the limber. Seats were provided for the cannoneer,: on the limber-ch•sts and the caissons, and the 2 flasks ill the trail were replaced by a single 'Stock.' To Napoleon III. is due the establishment of a field-batte•y consisting of a single calibre. The gun was known as the 12-pounde• :Napoleon. The French artillery at this time was divided into horse-artillery (the cannoneers being mounted) , line-artillery, commonly known as 'field-artillery' (the ea 111101lee rs on the chests), and reserve or siege artillery, in which all the men marched on foot. This was the organization at the time of the Crimean War. The British artillery was (organized as "position. heavy field, field, horse, and mountain batteries. armed respectively with 18-. 12-, 9-, 6-, and 3 pounder guns, and 8-inch, 32-, 24-, and 12-pound ers. and 4-inch howitzers. A rocket section was attached to each battery of field and horse artil ( See Wagner. 0 rgunivition and Tactics.)
The Crimean War consisted principally of siege operations, and there was therefore little oppor tunity for the tactical use of field-pieces. At Inkerman (November 5, 1854), however, both sides employed artillery with some effect. The maximum effective range olhained by the guns of this period was only about one mile, and it be came evident during the war that the power of the field-gull had to he increased and its fire made more accurate if it was to become effective in a contest with infantry. Rifling, though first practically applied in 1846, was not developed until after the Crimean War. Rifled siege-guns were first used by the British at the siege of Sebastopol, but with little effect. on account of poor construction. In reference to the question of rifling and breech-loaders, Lloyd and Hadcoek, in their tel Its Progress and Present Position, state that as early as 1547 the principles of rifling and breech-loading had been experi mented with in England. A few years after Se bibttopol• the Armstrong breech-loading rifled gun, which was first used in the China Campaign of 1800. was introduced into the British artillery.