Of learned societies; libraries, museums and art galleries there are a very great number, the most prominent of which are the imperial acade mies of science at Vienna, Prague, and Cra cow. The Imperial Library at Vienna possesses 900,000 volumes and the library of the Univer sity of Vienna nearly 600,000. The periodical press increased in numbers from 2137 publica tions in 1894, to 2849 in 1899.
The educational system of Hungary is similar in its general outline to that of Austria, but differs from it in the greater uniformity of or ganization, due to the preponderating influence of the Magyar element in the population. The persistent attempt to make Magyar the exclusive language in the public schools has been a marked feature of educational policy in Hungary proper in very recent years. Attendance at the elemen tary schools, grammar schools, and the so-called repetition courses is compulsory for all chil dren between the ages of 6 and 15, and it is incumbent on all communes to provide, generally with the aid of the State, adequate facilities for elementary instruction. In 1894 the number of elementary schools was 16,881, and the enroll ment of pupils 2,270,584, or nearly SO per cent. of all children of school age. In 1899 the schools had increased to 18,375. The Gymnasia and the
Rcalschulen, which offer courses of eight years in preparation for the universities and technical schools, are supported by the communes, by the State, or partly by both. In 1894 there were 186 of these secondary schools, with a staff of 3230 instructors and 51,228 students. In 1899 the number of institutions was 214 and the attendance 61,520. At Budapest, Klausenburg, and Agram are universities supported by the State, with faculties of theology, law and political science, medicine, and philosophy, at tended in 1899 by nearly 9500 students. Of these the University of Budapest is preeminently in the lead, with a faculty of 275 professors and in structors and an enrollment of about 5000 stu dents. At Budapest is also the Royal Joseph Polytechnic Institute, with nearly 2000 students. The other technical institutions and commercial institutes of superior grade, 51 in number, impart instruction to nearly 6000 students, while the lower commercial and industrial schools are attended by more than 86,000 pupils. Be tween 1895 and 1899 the number of periodicals rose from 1000 to 1253, of which 71 per cent. were in the Magyar language and 12 per cent. in German.