EvomrioN or 'MAN. Of animals which can be considered as in or near the line of ancestry of man, the remains are very few and very fragmentary in the Tertiary, and are found only in the Old World. It nmst he supposed that the evolution of man during this period took place in a region which has not been thor oughly explored, or in which the Tertiary strata are not well exposed, But early in the Quater nary period remains and indications of man are found fossil in all parts of the world, along milli animals identical or closely allied with those of modern time as well as others which have become extinct, such as the mammoth and the mastodon in the northern world, the mega therium in South America, and the diprotodon in Australia. For the extinction of these and for the rarity of most other large animals at the present time, man is. no doubt, largely re sponsible. directly as a hunter, or indirectly by depriving them of their food and range. Ile has become cosmopolitan and dominant in a sense that no animal ever was in previous ages, and it may almost be said that all other animals exist only by his sufferance or to be exploited for his benefit.
11\1 l'SE1' NIS AND COLLECTING GROUNDS. The col lections of fossil vertebrates are practically con fined to the large museums of Europe and the 'United States, the best being in New' York, Lon don, and Paris. With the Paris Museum is (-specially connected the name of envier (q.v.). In the middle of the last century Owen and Huxley in England were the most prominent investigators, while in its latter years Ameri can students, (-specially Leidy. Cope, and Marsh, were in the front rank. In recent years Ameri can museums and collectors have been in the lead, the arid Western States containing the richest fossil-fields yet known. While in Europe
the best collecting grounds have been quarries worked primarily for building-stone, slate. or phosphate rock. or bone-beds of limited area, the Western fossil-fields are the extensive areas of Mesozoic or Tertiary rocks laid bare in the 'bad lands.' and while the fossils are widely scattered, they are remarkably well preserved.
The appended table shows the characteristic vertebrate found in the different geo logical periods as understood at the present PatuaocutAritv. Lucas, ..lninia/s of the Past (New York, I901), is a popular book on verte brate fossils, entertainingly written, but very incomplete. A later book, Animals Before Ilan in North America, by the same author, partly fills the gaps of the earlier work. Hutchinson, Extinct Monsters (London and New York, 1892), eontains very good accounts of the more re markable extinct types known up to the date of their publieations.but does not include more recent. American advances in the subject. A. Smith Woodward, Ontli»es of Vertebrate Paleontology far• Ptudents of Zoology (Cambridge, )SITS), is the best English textbook on the subject, and it contains a well-selected bibliographic list. Zittel, Ifamlbuch tier Paltiontologie, vols. iii. and iv. (Munich, ISS7-93), is the most complete ref erence book for advanced students, and his Grundziige der Poldontologie (Munich, 1895), translated by Eastman under the title Textbook. of Paleontology, vols. ii. and iii. (New York and London, I900-03), gives a more condensed treat ment. See also Lydekker, History of Mammals (Cambridge, 1896), and Gaudry, En chainements du monde animal (4 vols., Paris, IS7S-96).