The societies of the Civil War developed women's organizing powers. The Loyal National League got up a mammoth petition to have the Constitution prohibit slavery. No suffragist con ventions met during the war, and interest in negro suffrage after the war frequently drew attention from the woman's cause. The Kansas campaign divided the suffragist supporters. In 1S69 two national associations were formed. To May, in New York, the National Woman's Suffrage As sociation, with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton as leaders, was organized. This association met in Washington every winter until 1890. In November, in Cleveland, the American Woman's Suffrage Association was organized with Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and such men as William Dudley Foulke, George F. Hoar, and Henry B. Blackwell as leaders. The two associations were finally united into the National American Woman's Suffrage Association in 1890. In 1892 Mrs. Stone and Mrs. Stanton were made honorary presidents: Miss Anthony remained as the active president until 1900, when she was succeeded by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt.
METTious OF WORK. The adoption of the Four teenth Amendment introduced the word 'male' into the Constitution of the United States. In 1869 Francis Minor argued that women were en franchised by this amendment. A number of women accordingly voted in 1872. Miss Anthony was arrested. Mrs. Virginia L. Minor was re fused a vote in Saint Louis. She brought suit and the case was decided against her on March 29, 1875. Up to this time women hail demanded a declaratory act from Congress. Since then Congress has been petitioned to submit a six teenth amendment. The 200 petitions of 1900 represented millions of individuals. The Forty eighth Congress had a select committee on woman's suffrage. There have been eleven favor able Congressional reports (five from the Senate and six from the house). Committees of women have regularly appeared before the Congressional committees, and in 1902 representative foreign women, who could vote, added their protest.
Beginning with the Democratic convention of 1868, an important work of the association has been to request the indorsement of an amendment by political conventions. Only once have women been permitted to address a Republican conven tion—in Cincinnati in 1876. The P,epublican resolutions of 1872 and 1876 expressed mild approval of women's progress. In 1896 a plank favored their entrance into wider spheres.
Women delegates from Utah and Wyoming sat in the conventions of 1892 and 1900. Women have twice spoken at con ventions: in Saint Lmi'is (1876) and Cincin nati (1880). In 1900 Mrs. Cohen of Utah, as a delegate, seconded Bryan's nomination. Although women served as delegates and as speakers and were mentioned in the preamble to the platform, the Populists refused to support their cause. Some State and county conventions, however, declared for wonian's suffrage. The Prohibition Party always had a suffrage plank until 1896. The Greenback, Labor, and Socialist parties have declared for equal suffrage. Labor organiza tions, including the Knights of Labor and the American Federation Labor, have generally been favorable to woman's suffrage.
Within the States efforts; are made by amendments. or in new Constitutions to secure recognition for W0111E211, and also to urge laws needed for women. Some of the older States have strong woman suffrage associations and many equal rights and political equality clubs. The Southern States have been organized by woman suffragists only since 1.890. Women have secured full suffrage in Wyoming (1869), Colorado (1893), Utah (1870-1887 as Territory; 1895), and Idaho ( 1896) ; municipal suffrage in Kansas (1887) : school suffrage, varying in ex tent, in 25 States: suffrage on questions of tax levies in Louisiana (1898) ; and on bond issues in Iowa (1894). Amendments have been sub mitted and campaigns fought in Kansas (1869, 1894 ) , Michigan ( 1874 ) Nebraska ( 1882 ) , Oregon (1884, 1900), Rhode island (1886), Washington (18S9, 1898), South Dakota (1890, 1898), and California (1896). The only back ward steps have been an adverse decision of the Supreme Court of Washington Territory in 1888, and the taking away of school suffrage from sec ond-class cities in Kentucky.
During the New York campaign of 1894 an Anti-Suffrage Association was organized in Brooklyn. Another followed at Albany, and after a convention a State association was formed. Signatures to negative petitions are se cured, claiming that women already have enough responsibilities. A Massachusetts State organi zation of anti-suffragists was formed in 1895; one in Illinois in 1897; one in Oregon in 1899; and one in Victoria, Australia, in 1900. Massa chusetts also had a 'Man's Suffrage Association' in 1895 to protest against women's voting.