FortmcN CLUBS. In England the club arose out of the emancipation III ovemcnt. The provision of smoking rooms is typical of the adaptation club life to English WOBlell'S associa tions. The Albemarle Club was started in 1874 for both men and women. in 1878 the Somerville Chub provided a reading room, li brary, and lectures for women journalists. Later clubs are the Alexandra (1484), a social centre for 900 women who ntik be eligible to attend the Queen's drawing-room; the t"niversity Club (1887), limited to 300 college graduates; the Pioneer Club (1892) for professional NVOIllen; the Writers' Club (1893); the Victoria (1894), providing a town home for country mem bers; the Sesame (1895); and various social clubs: the Green Park, Empress, New Victoria, llehester, and Sandringham. Many clubs have been started since 1894, the most important of which is Grosvenor Crescent (1896), which is a centre for women's work. Women's clubs exist in Dublin, Bath, Liverpool, and Manchester. The club movement has not progressed on the Conti nent. East Africa, South America, West Aus tralia, England, and India are represented in the General Federation. Among the clubs are the Girls' Literary Society of Adelaide; the Marra katta Club of Perth, West Australia; the Eclectic Club of Santiago. Chile, and a club of missionaries at Silemlon. East Africa. In India Dr. Emma Brainerd Ryder started several clubs. The first was the Bom bay Sorosis, organized in 1889. A Woman's Literary and Scientific Club was started in Mexico in 1897.
Wont:A NG GIRLS' CLUBS. These were the 1111101110 of the spirit of helpfulness which became manifest in the last twenty years of the nineteenth century. While learn ing much from women's dubs, these clubs were less spontaneous. more the result of outside influence. In London, the Soho Club and House of 1880, the Club and Working Girls' Nouse, and the Saint Giles Evening Club for Working Girls were among the earliest. Libraries and evening, classes, musical drill, safe pleasures, country visits and excursions, are provided, and the Girls' Club Union publishes a magazine. In America the movennmt began in ]5;9 \Yitll Miss Eliza Turner's New Century Guild in Philadelphia, and Miss Grace 11.
Dodge's Thirty-eighth Street Club in New York. Some clubs have well-appointed rooms; some are only lunch clubs with resting rooms; some have rooms provided for them in factories; and some have country houses, as for instance, that of the Auxiliary Society of Working Girls' So cieties of New York at Miller's Place, Long Island. and others at Saybrook, Conn., and Princeton, Mass. Some clubs, such as the Good Will Club of Amsterdam, N. Y., the :Myrtle Club and Progress Club of Baltimore, and the Working Girls' Circle nt .Mersey City Heights, were started at the initiative of the girls. As a rule. however, the clubs are organized and often officered by women. The Cleo Club, of Durango, Colo., sends travel ing libraries and magazines to miners' camps. Junior clubs are sometimes allowed the use of rooms. The New York Associalion of Clubs maintains a mutual benefit fund for illness and death, other associations have small funds, and all encourage the penny provident stations.
The first convention of girls' clubs held in New York in 1890, was a revelation to the public. Conventions have since been held in Boston in 1894, Philadelphia in 1897. and at the Pan American Exposition in 1901. In 1S97 the Na tional League of Women Workers was formed. There are also five State leagues. A few clubs belong individually to the General Federation of Women's Clubs. The League organ is the Club Worker, started in October. 1898. Promi nent clubs are: the Clo•er Club, of Boston: the Fall River Club, of Fall River, Mass; the Far and Near Club, and Ivy Club, of New York City; the Working Girls' Club. of Jersey City Ileights; Saint James Guild, Philadelphia and the Lend a Iland Club, of Germantown.
BlnuocnArtri. list of hooks and articles in Chantauguan, No. 31: current notes on work of clubs in Httrycr's Bazar and New York Evening Post ; Municipal Affairs, 1898; Crnl• (Mrs. J. ('.) ; Thc History of the Woman's Club Movement in (Neu• York, 1898) ; Suttee I Olive Thorne), The Woman's Club ("United States 1lep:n•tment of Labor, Bulletins Nos. 15 and 23) ; Stanley (Maude), Clubs for• llorking (;iris (New York, 1590) : \ inch:calk Ccutury, (for American clubs) : Vinetecnth Cen tury, lxv. Review, (English).