BONAINI, hepnl'Ilt% FRANCESCO (1806-74).
An Italian historian, born in Leghorn. Ile stud ied in Pisa. and was appointed professor of (Tele siastical law there in 1827 and professor of the history of law in 1840. In 1852 he was ap pointed general superintendent of the State ar chives of Tuscany. Ile was successful as an archivist. and was also exceedingly active as an author and editor. works include Storie Piscine (1S44-45) ; the Cronache c stork di Pt unpin (1850-511 : and the posthumous Acta Muriel I'll. ( 1878 ) BONALD, 1.),Vnall', LOUIS GARRIEL A AIHROISE, Vicomte de (1754-1840). A French puhlicist and statesman, born at .Nlouna. in Aveyron. An dent adherent of the old monarchy, he was coin pelted to emigrate during the French Revolution and went to Heidelberg. where he wrote politico philosophic works in support of monarchy. His first important work, 7'hc'orie du pouroir poll tique et religieux (3 vols., 1790), was seized by
the Directory. It prophesied the restoration of the Bourbons. Ile returned to France about 1800, won the favor of Napoleon. and in 1808 was appointed Minister of Instruction. In 1815 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and there, as well as afterwards in the Chamber of Peers, was conspicuous by his opposition to all liberal projects. notably the freedom of the press. In 1823 he was elevated to the peerage by Louis XVIII. The July Revolution brought his public career to a close, as lie refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new dynasty. His most im portant writings are: Lt'aislation primitirc (3 vols., 1802), and Recherches philosophiques sur les premiers objets des connaissances morales (2 vols., 1818).