BOUGUEREAU, bM'grO', WILLIAM ADOLPHE (1825-1905). A French figure painter. He studied under l'icot. took the l'rix de Rome in 1850. re ceived medals of honor in 1S78 and 1885, became a member of the Institute in 1876 and grand officer of the Legion of Honor in 1903. A classi cist in line and contour• he was also influenced by modern realism, especially in rendering flesh. Although his work is very popular with the gen eral public, it is less so with artists and elides, who consider it lacking in sincerity and untrue to nature. The figures are idealized models, and his execution is very smooth and labored. Of his paintings, which are numerous in the nmsemus of France and the United States, the most cele brated are The Body of Saint Cecilia Borne to the Catacombs" (1898), "The Birth of Venus" ( 1879 ) • and "La Vierge Consolatriee" (1877 ) — a l in the Luxembourg. He also painted mural decorations in Sainte Clotilde and Saint Augus tin, Paris. in the op(ra at Bordeaux, and else where. Consult the catalogue of his works by Vendryes ( Paris. 1885), and MOnard in The Portfolio (London, 1875).
hoo'yV, FRANcOIS CLAUDE AMOUR, de (1739-1800). A French general. lie was horn at the castle of Cluzel, in Auvergne, entered the army at the age of 1.1, and served with distinction in Germany (luring the Seven Years' War. He was Governor of Guadeloupe in 1761, and soon after became Governor-General of Martinique and Saint Lucia, and commander-in chief of the French forces in the \Vest Indies. In the war against England which broke out in 1778 he captured the islands of Dominica, Tobago. Saint Christopher's, Saint Eustatius, Saint Martin, Saba. and Nevis. For this he was
rewarded with the rank of lientenant-general. In 1784 he visited England. and was received with extraordinary respect on account of his kindly behavior to his enemies during the war just con cluded. Louis XVI. nominated him a member of the Assembly of Notables in 1787-8S: in 1790 he was made commander-in-chief of the army of the Meuse, the Saar, and the Moselle. His de cision of character prevented the dissolution of the army and the outbreak of civil war. He quelled the insurrection of the garrison of Metz and of the three regiments at Nancy. For this he received the thanks of the National Assembly and of the King. From 1789 to 1791 BoniIle was regarded with suspicion by the Revolutionists and rumors were often spread of his joining with the Austrians to march on Paris. After Louis XVI's flight to Varennes, of which he declared himself the instigator, he repaired to Cohlenz to the King's brothers, and in 1791 attended the conference at Pilnitz. In the same year he entered the service of Gustavus HI. of Swe den, and after the assassination of that mon arch served in the corps of the Trims- of Condo. He rejected an offer, which the French princes made to him in 1793, of the chief command in La Vendee, and went to England. where his advice in West Indian affairs was useful to the Government ; here he wrote his Memoires sur in revolution francaisc, a useful work, throw ing much light on the transactions of that time. He died in London. Consult Gabriel. Louis le marquis de et rareancs (Paris, 1874).