BOULANGER. bari liiN'zhu', GEORGES ER5EST JEAN \IARIE (1 $37-91) . A French general, He was born at Rennes, and educated at Saint Cyr. Ile served in Italy and China, was with Bazainc at \hetzs but escaped to Paris, and held a 1ienten ant-tzlonelrc tinder the Government of National Defense. In lie benched the deputation of French officers at the celebration of the cente nary of the battle of Yorktown ; he became brigadier-general through the influence of the Due and in conimamcled the army of occupation in Tunis. He was Minister of War from January, ISS(i, to \lay, 1S87, and through the introduction of some desirable army reforms, and the appearance of a popular music ball song in his was adopter) as the embodiment of the 'revenge' policy by the Parisi ans. In 1857, while commanding an array corps, he was arrested for remarks on the acting War Minister, and in March, ISSS. for disobedience to orders, was deprived of his command and placed on the retired list. Supported by a com hination of malcontents of all parties, chief among them the Orleanists, he aroused for a time that reckless popular enthusiasm which is so easily stirred in France by a little bravado. For a brief period the `man on horschack' fixed the attention of all observers, and aroused some fear as to the safety of the Republic. In ISSS and 1S89 he was elected deputy from a number of departments. A coup d'etat was momentarily but courage was not equal to his the danger of prosecu tion by the Tirard Ministry for eonspiraey seemed iniiuinent he fled to Brussels. He was convicted of malfeasance by the Senate. Politi cally discredited, he fivallv took up his residence in the island of .Jersey. In IS90 one of his ner adherents. N. _Mermeix, published in the Paris Figaro a series of revelations concerning the inter history of the Boulangist movement, under the title Les coulisscs de Roulangisme, furnishing conclusive evidence that Boulanger was a tool in the hands of the Royalists. The
funds, amounting to :3,000,0I111 francs, fur his propaganda. were furnished by a Royalist, noble the Duchesse coin mitted suicide at Brussels, September :30. IS91, on the grave of Madame Bonnemain, his mis tress. Consult pamphlets and h roads ides of the time, articles in the periodical press and the following: Cliincholhe, Le U.'nrral L'piihrntqcr II'aris, ISS9): Guyot, Le pauhhrqisne (Paris, I $!)) ; General po,ilaaqwr: .1 Iliog raphq (London. 1SS9) ; Verly. Le l;rn(cral lion in nq(r rf la con.cpircfiou monarrhiqiee (Paris, ls9a) ; I)e Vermont, lc's eonlissc.c do Ito uloin gi.cnnr l'rn'ur.4 It nugIII'IItrC's do phusiC'Ui's clnapi Ices tnicdifs (Paris. Iti1c0).
Gt'ST.i yE RODOLPII E (I 4•SS) , A French figure painter, lie was born at I'aris, studied with l)elar.n•he :utul Jullitet, and in IS-ID took the Prix he lFriu'. Like c:,rtumc. whose art of classicists, and also painted Oriental subjects. Although his many classical paintings show deep archaeological study, his oriental work is the better. All his paintings show a refined taste and imagination, hut are cold and academic in execu tion. They include a "Moorish Cafe" (1848), "Caesar at the Rubicon" (1865). the "Promenade in the Street of Tombs, Pompeii" ( 1 S69) , the "Slave-Market" (188S). and the decorative panels of the foyer de la dance of the New Opera. The recipient of many medals, he became a member of the Institute in 1882.