BRUGSCH, liriiB sh, HEINRICH KARr. (1827 94). A German Egyptologist. lie y horn in Berlin, February 18, 1827. At the age of 16 he ap plied himself with signal success to the decipher ment of Demotic-. which had been neglected since the death of*Champollion in 1832. Brugsch's work, Scriptura _Egyptioram Demotica (Berlin, 1848), containing the results of his studies in this diffi cult branch of Egyptology, appeared while lie was a student at the gymnasium. It was fol lowed by his Nanieroram Demolieorum DoeIrina IlS49 I. and his Sammln»g d,molischer l'rkan (len (1s5(1). ili. Grammairc (Paris. 1855) formed the basis of all subsequent studies in Demotie. After completing his philological and archaeological studies, Brugseh visited the museums of Paris, London, Turin. and Leyden. and in 1853 went to Egypt for a stay of some duration. After this he returned to Berlin, where, ir 1854, lie was appointed privat-doeent in the university, and, ill 1855, assistant in the Egyp tian department of the Royal Museum. Ile again visited Egypt in 1857, and in 1860 accompanied in an official capacity the embassy sent to Persia by the Prussian On the death of the chief of the embassy. Baron von Alimitoli.Brugseh assumed the management of affairs and acquitted himself with credit. In 1864 be was consul at Cairo. He returned to Germany four years later and held, for a time, a professorship in Giittin gen : but in 1570 he was recalled to Egypt by the Khedive to take the direction of the Ecoled'Egyp tologie. In 1873 lie represented the Egyptian Government at the Vienna Exposition, and in the same year received the title of Bey and was placed in charge of the projected museum of Arabic antiquities. He later received the title of Pasha. In 1876 lie visited America as com missioner oi the Egyptian Government to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. He re
turned to Egypt, but failing to receive the posi tion of director of the Egyptian :Museum at Gizeh, left vacant by .Mariette's death, Brugsch took up his residence in Berlin. There he lec tured at the university, but was, in 1SS3 and again in 1885. sent by the German Government on a mission to Persia. After his return he retired to Charlottenburg. where he passed the remainder of his days in literary work. He died September 9, 1894. After his early achievements in the elucidation of Demotic, Brugseh soon ap plied himself to other branches of EgmAology, and everywhere with remarkable success. Egyp tian grammar and lexicography, together with the geography, history, and religion of ancient Egypt. were the subjects to which his attention was chiefly directed. To his great natural abil ity he added an enormous capacity for work, and he was a most prolific writer. Among the most important of his works besides those mentioned are his Geographische Inschriften (Leipzig, 1857-60) ; Histoire d'Egypte (Leipzig, 1859) ; Recacil des monuments egyptiens (Leipzig, 1862-63); H icroglyph iseh -demot ischrs Wort cr bad' (Leipzig, 1867-82) ; Dictionnaire geograph igac de l'uncienne Egyptc (Leipzig, 1877-81) : H icroglyphischr Grain ma t ik (Leipzig, 1872) ; Gcschichtc A (Leipzig. 1377) Religion and Mythologic der Aegyptcr (Leipzig, 1887) ; and Thesaurus Inscriptionum -Egyptiacarauu (Leipzig, 1883-91). He was the founder (1863) of the Egi-ptological journal, Zeitschrift fiir .tegyptischr Sprachc. The Influence of Brugsch on modern Egyptology has been very great.