BUCZACZ, bW'cliiieh. A town of the Aus trian Crownland of Galieia, situated on the Strypa, a tributary to the Dniester, about 35 miles east-northeast of Stanislaus ( Alap: Aus tria, J 2). It has a handsome Rathaus and the ruins of an old castle. It is famous for its hardy breed of horses. The principal industry is agriculture. In 1672 a treaty of peace was signed here between the Poles and the Turks, by which the former relinquished to the latter con siderable territory. Population, in 1890. 11.096; in 1900. 11;504.
BUD (Late \lE. budde. Dutch bot, probably under the influence of OK baton, Fr. button, bud, button). An undeveloped shoot, in which the older leaves overlap and protect the younger leaves and the growing-point of the axis. They may be considered under two heads, (1) leaf buds and (2) flower-buds ('alabastra').
LEAF-Buns. Among seed-plants, leaf-buds are distinguished as either terminal ur lateral in po sition. The terminal bud, if developed. continues the axis, while the lateral bud gives rise to branches. For the most part. the lateral buds hold a definite position in reference to the leaves, the rule being that such a lateral bud is de veloped in the axil of each leaf. Of course in many cases there are leaves without such buds visible. or even formed in any way. Occasion ally there are eases in which more buds than one appear in a single axil, a group of two, three, or inure appearing, as in maples, certain etc. These additional buds are spoken of as 'accessory buds.' There are also eases in which buds appear without any relation to the leaf, and such are known as 'extra-axillary' buds. Again, buds may occur upon the older parts of stems and roots, or even on leaves, arising in this way out of their natural order of succession, and such are said to be 'adventitious.' In some cases buds are formed which do not develop fur ther, and may even be overgrown by the outer layers of the plant-body. Some condition, as a wound. may suddenly afford them opportunity to develop, and they are likely to be mistaken for. adventitious buds. Such concealed or hid den buds are known as 'latent' or 'dormant' buds.
The terms just given have to do with the vary ing positions of buds. There is another set of terms based upon the presence or character of the overlapping leaves. In the 'scaly buds,' which are well known in connection with trees and shrubs of the temperate regions, the old overlapping leaves assume the form of more or less heavy and indurated scales, which serve well to protect the delicate structures within. The protection against moisture and sudden changes in temperature is often still further increased by a coating of sonic waxy or resinous substance, as in the horse-chestnut and balsam poplar. The scales are often also lined, and the delicate leaves within cov ered, with downy hairs. As distinct from the scaly buds there are also 'naked buds,' that is. those in which
there is no special organizationof pro tecting scales, the ordinary leaves serving the purpose as far as necessary.
There are also 'fleshy buds,' in which the investing leaves or scales come gorged with f o o d - substances forming the called 'bulbs' (q. v.). Buds or like structures may not merely con tinue the growth of an axis or give rise to hranches, but may also he used in tion. When they are definitely organized to be separated from the parent plant for this purpose they are known as 'brood-buds.' Brood-huds are very commonly formed by mosses and ferns, as well as by various groups of seed-plants. The arrangement of the leaves in the leaf-bud is called 'vernation,' a ful term given by Linn:ens to indicate that it is the spring condition of the plant. The term foliathm,' which is a much better one, is times used. Prominent among the terms of nation are the following: 'Plicate' or 'plaited,' in which the young leaf is folded upon its ribs like a closed fan, as in the maple and currant; 'conduplicate,' in which the leaf is folded wise on its midrib, as in the magnolia ; 'convidute,' in which it is rolled from one margin to the other, as in the cherry; 'involute,' in which both margins are rolled toward the middle of the upper face, as in the violet: 'circinate,' in which the leaf is coiled from the apex downward, as in all true ferns.
FLowlia-Buns. In flower-buds the idea of pro tection is also evident, and the older overlapping leaves of an ordinary bud are represented fune tionally by the older overlapping sepals. In many cases, however, the sepals furnish no pro tection, and in some eases the necessary protec tion is provided by bracts, or leaves entirely out side of the structures of the flower. The arrange ment of the members of the flowers in the bud is called `aestivation,' a term proposed by Linnaeus as indicating the summer condition of the plant. A much better term is 'pralloration,' but neither of them is of any special use at present. Cer tain arrangements of the sepals and the petals in the flower-bud are of considerable value in classification, because they may be constant in plant groups. Prominent among these terms are the following: in which the mar gins meet each other directly without any over lapping, as in the calyx of fuchsia; 'imbricate,' in which the parts overlap one another in the same manner as do the shingles of a roof, a condition well illustrated by the involucres of Compositor; 'convolute,' in which the sepals or petals appear as if enwrapping one another and then twisted, as in gentians. polemoniums, etc.; 'plicate' or 'plaited.' in which a tubular corolla or calyx is folded into narrow plaits overlap ping one another, as in the common jimson weed.