In carpentry, joints and fastenings of numer ous forms are used: they all, however, serve either to join two timbers end to end to form a continuous beam, or to join the end of one tim ber to the side or edge of another. One method of lengthening a beam or of joining two timbers end to end is to abut the ends, place a timber on each side, and firmly bolt all throe timbers to gether. This is termed fishing or a fished joint.
Another method, used when it is desirable to preserve the same breadth and depth through out, is to cut the beams partly through a little distance hack from the ends, one on the top and the other on the bottom, remove the portion cut through and lap the halved ends together with bolts. This process is called scarfing. To con nect the ends of one timber to the side or edges of another various forms of notched and mor tised and tenon joints are used (Figs. 17 to 20). These various joints and fastenings are cesses of cutting. framing, and joining wood for interior finish and fittings. As a matter of fact. a large part of what once constituted join er's work is now done at mills or woodworking shops. Interior woodwork is usually divided into standing finish, that is, the woodwork that is affixed to the walls as casings, baseboards. wainscoting, and fittings like eases, cup boards, drawers, and shelves. A very important requirement for interior woodwork is that all joints shall he as tight and inconspicuous as possible, and in fact it was in the character of the joints and in the smooth surfaces and smaller dimensions of the pieces that the origi nal distinction between joinery and carpentry arose.
The various joints made in connecting interior finish and fittings may he elassified under one or more of the following kinds, namely: butt joints, tongued and grooved joints, spliced joints, mitred joints, coped joints, covered or housed joints, glued and blocked joints. and dove tailing; and the work is said to be butted, notched. mitred, coped, housed or rebated, glued and blocked, or dovetailed, according to the kind of joint that is made. Very frequently two or three operations are combined in a single joint. The accompanying illustrations show the na ture of the joints named (Figs. 22 to 25). As explained by the accompanying illustrations. Various methods of building up beams from two or inure timbers are employed in carpen try. but the most efficient beam of this char acter has been shown to consist of two timbers bolted together with a key between every pair of bolts (Fig. 21). The tools used by the earpen ter comprise handsaws for cutting timber to length; planes of various sorts for smoothing the ends, edges, and surfaces of timber; mallets and chisels for cutting mortises; tenons. notches, etc.; and hammers, hatchets, axes, adzes, squares, rules, bits, augers, etc., for general work. For the various uses of these tools, see Woou-Wom ING MACII1NERY; BORING MACIIINERY; etc.