GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Many aspects of bird-life properly belonging to a treatise more extended than this need only be indicated here, because they arc elsewhere discussed with rea sonable fullness. Thus their classification is out lined under IntNITHOLoGY. The distribution of birds on the globe, where, in spite of their powers of flight, most groups and species are strictly bounded in their range, is sketched under Ens TIIIBUTION OF ANIMALS. The seasonal movements that characterize most birds outside the tropics, leading them to make more or less extended journeys, along the customary routes, northward in the spring and southward again in the fall, will be found explained under MIGRATION OF ANIMALS. The singing of birds, which forms so conspicuous and enjoyable a feature of their life, is treated elsewhere in this article, and their nest architecture, eggs, care of young, and do mestic traits, are treated under NIDIEICATION; EGG; etc.; while their peculiar colors, orna ments, weapons, economic value, and habits in general, are portrayed in the biographies to be looked for under the names of various species and groups, and in such articles as Acruem. TURE; EVOLUTION; FALCONRY; FOWL; and the like. Birds have also taken a part in the history of mankind's. mental and religious development, as appears in the articles AUGURIES AND Ars PICES; and FOLKLORE. Finally, many species have been exterminated, directly or indirectly, since mankind came upon the earth, an account of which will be found under EXTINCT ANIMALS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. General Works.—Newton, A Bibliography. General Works.—Newton, A Dictionary of Birds (London, 1896) ; Evans, Cambridge Nutural IIistory: Vol. IX., "Birds" (Cambridge. 1900) : Stejneger, Standard Natu ral History. Vol. 1V., "Birds" (Boston. 1885); Sharpe, Royal Natural History, Vols. 111., IV., "Birds" ( London, 189S) ; Huxley, "On the Clas sification of Birds" in Proc. ZoOl. Stir. of London (London, 1867; and ib., 1868, pp. 294-319) ; NUM' and Burmeister. System der Plerylo graphic (Halle, 1840), translated into English by Dallas, and published by the Royal Society (London, 1867), as Pterylography; Furbringer, Untersuchungen tzar Morphologic and Systematik der Fogel (Amsterdam, 1888).
Faunal ll'o•ks, North America.--IViIson, Awl-icon Ornithology (Philadelphia, 181()-14) ; several more recent editions, of which a good one is Brewer's (Boston, 1853, reprinted, New York, 185:3), and the finest is that issued by Por ter & Coates (Philadelphia, 1871) : Audubon, Birds of America (London, 1S27-3ti) ; Swainson and Richardson, Patina Boreali Americana, Part Second, Birds (London, 1831) ; Audubon. Orni
thological Biography (Edinburgh, 1831-39) ; Nuttall, illanual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada (Boston, 1832-34) ; DeKay, ZoOlogy of New Fork, Pa rt 11.. "Thirds" (Albany, 1844); Baird, Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol. ,IX. (Washington, 1858), reprinted with an atlas of 100 plates by Baird and Cassia as Birds of .Vorth America (Philadelphia, 1860) : Baird. Brewer and Ridgway, History of North Ameri can Birds, "Land Birds" (Boston, 1875) ; Water Birds (Cambridge, 1878) ; Chapman, Bird Life (New York, 1898, edition in colors) ; Cones, Key to North American. Birds (Boston, 3d ed., 1887) ; Ridgway, Manual of North American Birds (Philadelphia, 1887) ; Chapman, Hand book of Birds of Eastern North America (New York, 1895) (the three last named are techni cally descriptive only) ; Cones, Birds of the Northwest (Washington, 1874) ; Cones, Birds of the Colorado Palley (Washington, 1878; con tains an extensive bibliography from 1612 to 1878) ; Cooper, Ornithology of California (San Francisco, 1870) : Nelson, Natural History Col lections Alaska (Washington, 1887) ; Turner, Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska (Washington, 1886) ; Warren, Birds of Pennsyl vania (Barrisburg, 1890) ; and many popular illustrated works.
Europe.— Temminek, Manuel d'o•nithologie (Paris, 1815 and 1820) ; Brehm, Natu•geschichte der Vogel Deutschlands, etc. (Ilmenan, 1831) : Gould, Birds of Europe (London, 1832-37): Nau mann, Naturgesehichtc der Vogel Deutsehlands, new edition edited by Blasius (Leipzig,.1860) ; Fritsch, Naturgeschichte der Vogel Eteropas (Ber lin, 1871) ; Dresser, Birds of Europe ( London, 1879), S vols. quarto, "unquestionably the most complete work of its kind, both for fullness of in formation and beauty of illustration." For Brit ish birds in elaborately illustrated works, see Yarrell. History of Itritish Birds (last edition, edited by Saunders, London, 1885) ; History of British Birds (London, 1837-40); Bree, History of Birds of Europe (London. 1875 76) ; 1\lo•ris, History of British Birds (London, 185S) ; Seebohn), History of British Birds and Their Eggs (London, 1883-85) ; for a more con densed history, see Montagu, Ornithological Dic tionary, Newman's edition (London, 188:3).