BULK'LEY, L. DUNCAN ( 1845—). An American physician. He was born in New York and was educated at Yale (1866). and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (1869), and afterwards took a supplementary course in dermatology abroad: In 1901 he was attending physician at the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, at the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled, and at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital. He was also consulting physician at the New York hospital, and dermatologist at the hospital on Randall's Island. The following are some of his principal publications: Analysis of Eight Thousand Cases of Skin Disease (1882); Acne and its Treatment (1885) ; Syphilis in the Innocent (1894) ; Manual of Diseases of the Skin (1898) Eczema and its Treatment (1901).
BULL (Lat. bulla, anything round or swelling, a boss, knob). Originally the name of the cap sule of the seal appended to letters, afterwards to the whole seal, and later to the document itself ; in its earlier use sometimes applied to documents issued by the emperors, as in the case of the celebrated Golden Bull (q.v.) of the Emperor Charles 1V., 1356. the Byzantine and early Frank emperors being accustomed to use a golden seal. The name is now applied exclusively to documents put forth in the name of the Pope. They are issued by the Apostolic Chancery, and differ in several particulars from briefs. (See BRIEF.) In cases of granting favors, the seal
is appended to the open letter by a yellow or red silk cord; but in the administration of justice a gray cord is used. The tIothic character was used for bulls, as distinguished from briefs down to 1878, when Leo X111. ordered the use of the ordinary character. At the same time be re stricted the use of the very ancient leaden seal previously employed to the more important bulls, replacing it for other cases by a simple red one stamped on the parchment. All bulls begin with the name of the Pope. followed by the title Semis serrorum Dei. The greeting is followed by a general introduction, the first words of which are usually adopted to designate the bull; for example. the bull Exsurge Domine, issued by Pope Leo X. and burned by Luther; In Conn Domini, the celebrated declaration against here tic's, first issued by Urban V. in 1362; the famous us, which condemned Quesnel in 1713: Dominus uc Redcmptor noster, which abolished the Jesuits, and Nollicitudo omnium, which re stored them; Inefrabilis, which proclaimed the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception in 1854; and Pastor (Fier'? US, which defined the Papal in fallibility in 1870. The fullest collection of Papal bulls is that begun by coquelines (1733 62) and continued by Barberi and Gaude.