BRUNSWICK, MOUSE or. Henry the Lion, of the Douse of Guelph. one of the great vassals of Frederick Barbarossa in the Twelfth Century, was the founder of this house He held the old Saxon duchy and Bavaria, but lost all save his allodial possessions, Brunswick and Liineburg, through his rebellious conduct. Ills son Otho was German Emperor as Otho W. Otho the Child, a grandson of Henry the Lion, was recog nized as the first Duke of Brunswick in 1235. The history of the Home of Brunswick in the course of the next four centuries presents a be wildering sneeession of divisions, reunions, and ramifications. Ernst the Confessor, Duke of Liinehurg, who lived at the time of the Hofmann thin, and who introduced Protestantism into his little State, may be regarded as the progenitor, through his grandson Augustus, of the modern elder ducal line of Brunswick (Brunswick-Wolf enbiittel) which became extinct in 1884, and, through his son William, of the new younger ducal line of Brunswick-Liineburg (House of Hanover). Ernst Augustus, Duke of Brunswick Luneburg, who married Sophia, a granddaughter of James I. of England, was raised to the dignity of ninth Elector of the Empire in 1692. Il is son. George Louis, succeeded to the crown of Great Britain in 1714. (See ENGLAND and IIANovEn.) The ducal residence, which had been at Wolfen biittel, was in 1754 removed to Brunswick by Duke Charles, who founded the famous Collegium Carolinum. and was a faithful ally of England during the Seven Years' War. He died in 1730. his brother Ferdinand was the ablest of the lieu tenants of Frederick the Great, turned the tide of battle at Prague, and won the battles of Crefeld and Minden. The son and successor of Duke Charles, Charles William Ferdinand, was nephew of Frederick the Great, and married Augusta, daughter of George III. of England. He fought in the Seven Years' War, and played an impor tant part at the battle of Crefeld in 175S. In
1792 he was commander of the allied armies of Austria and Prussia against France. He marched into Champagne, but was compelled to conclude an armistice with Dumouriez, after trying in vain to force the position at Vainly. In 1806 he was called to lead the Prussian troops against Napo leon, who defeated him decisively at Auerstfidt; he retired, broken-hearted, and died soon after wards from the effect of his wounds. Napoleon incorporated his duchy with the new Kingdom of Westphalia, but after the battle of Leipzig it was restored to his son, Frederick William, who had distinguished himself in the campaigns of 1792, 1793. 1806, and who fell at the head of his troops at the battle of Quatre-Bras in 1815. His son, Charles Frederick. was a minor, and up to 1823 George IV. of England acted as Prince Regent. The people of Brunswick endured the misrule of Charles Frederick for seven years: then they revolted and drove him from his (Melly in 1830. He (lied childless in Geneva, in 1873. 13y an act of the Germanic Diet the duchy was transferred to his brother William, Prince of Gels (born in 1806), who assumed the government April 25, 1831. He died childless in 1884, and the suc cession passed to the Duke of Cumberland, son of George Y.. the dethroned King of Hanover. As the heir refused to recognize the new Constitution of the German Empire, the Imperial Government declined to allow the succession to take place. and an interregnum occurred. In October, 1885, Prince Albert, a nephew of the Emperor William I.. was elected Regent of the duchy by the Diet. Consult: Halliday, Annals of the House of Hon orer (London, 1820) ; Fitzmauriee. Charles Wil liam Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick: An His torical Study ( London, 1901) ; Heinemann. Ge sehiehte roil Braunschweig and Hanover (Gotha, 1882-92).