CAR'INA'TIE (Neo-Lat., nom. pl. of Lat. carinatus, keel-shaped. from raring, keel). One of the two great subclasses of living birds, the ' and Teuniel flourished. The most important of its contributors was Du Maurier, the relined por trayer of English aristocratie society.
In Germany political caricature began with the Congress of Vienna, but was restrained by the lack of freedom of the press. The •liegende Blatter, a huinonms but non-political journal, was founded in Munich in 1844. It employed sueh artists as Ilarburger, Oberilinder, and Meg gendorfer, and the standard of work in its pages is very high. With the Revolution of 1848 the Berlin Kladdcradatsch began its activity, andsoon became famous by its political caricatures. Those on Bismarck, by Wilhelm Scholz, have become hi-torie. The Dfisseldorfcr Munatsheftc was car lied on by artists of the Diisseldorf school. Vi enna has a number of comic journals, chief among which are Kikeriki and the Figaro, for which Wilhelm Busch and Sehliessmann have done good work.
The greatest Spanish caricaturist was un doubtedly Goya (1746-1828). whose masterly satirical talent, in both painting and print, was directed against the foibles and vices o2 society. Political caricature exists, at the present time, in nearly all European countries, and it has become a mighty force in politics. lu the United States its power was shown during the Civil War, and especially in Thomas Nast's cartoons stigmatizing the Tweed Ring in New York. Puck,
Life, and other comic papers are devoted mainly F to caricature. and weekly journals, like Harper's and Leslie's, exercise, through it. a great duce. Of late years the newspapers have made increasing use of caricature as a means of influ encing public opinion. Among the chief Amer ican caricaturists are F. B. Opper, Homer Daven port. W. A. Rogers. C. G. Bush, and E. Kemble.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. The chief authority on CariBibliography. The chief authority on Cari- cature is Champfieury, 11 islnir gene-Tale dc la carica u re 15 vols.. Paris. 186.1-SO), with supple mentary volume in IsS5. See also Wright, History of Caricature and lirotrsque (London. 18751 : Phlgcl. Gesehicht«lrs (;rotcsk-Komischen Liegmitz. 1778: new edition by Eberling. Leip zig, 1880) Parton, Caricature and Other Conti," Arts ( London, 1877) Everitt. English Carica turisto of the Nineteenth Cent ilry ( London. lt+S6) Grand Carteret. Lis ma ors ct la carica ture en Allemagne, cn Aldrich(' et en Suisse (Paris, 1885) ; Les mcrurs et la caricature en France (Paris, 1888), The last-named author has also published, in recent years, a large num ber of collective works of caricatures. See also the special articles on the different artists mentioned.