CELESTINE. The name of five popes. (1) CELEs•rixt: I.. Pope 422-32, is supposed to have been a near relative of the Emperor Valentinian. Tradition attributes to him the addition to the Angelical Salutation: Sancta Maria, .dater Del, ora pro nob is. lie sent Palladins to Ireland as the first bishop of that country. (2) CELESTINE II. (Guido di Castellol, Pope 1143-44. Ile gave ab solution to Louis VII. of France. on the King's humble subjection. and removed the Papal in terdict from that country. (3) CELESTINE (Inaeinto Bobone Orsini). Pope 1191-98. Ile is supposed to have been 85 years old when chosen. Ile crowned the Emperor Henry VI. of Germany. and subsequently excommunicated him for keeping Richard I. of England in prison. In 1192 lie confirmed the statute:A of the Ten tonic Order of Knights. (4) CELESTINE IV. (l;otrredo Castiglione of Milan). A Ileplicw of 'Urban III. Ile was elected Pope by only seven cardinals, October 25, 1241, and died NoVeIlllwr 10 of the same year. Ile was the author of a history of Scotland, in which country lie was macs a monk. (51 CELESTINE V. (Pietro di Moionel, Pope in 1294. lie was the soil a peasant of Naples, became a Benedictine monk, and lived many years in after the man ner of dolin the Baptist. Terrible stories are told of the severity of his penitential discipline. During his hermit life he founded the order that bears his 1111111e. (Svc CEIEsTINEs.) After the death of Niehol•s IV. lie was elected Pope,
but refused to accept until persuaded by a deputation of cardinals, reinforced by the Kings of Naples and Hungary. Ile was chosen .Inly 7 1294, and was crowned August 29. Ile issued two decrees. one confirming that of Gregory X. ordering the shutting up of the cardinals when in conclave, and one declaring the right of any Pope to abdicate at pleasure—a right which, after ruling live months and eight days, he exer cised himself. December 13, 1294. in his docu ment of renunciation lie assigned as the moving causes "the desire for humility. for a purer life, for a stainless conscience; the of his own physical strength; his ignorance; the per verseness of the people. and his longing for the tranquillity of his former life." having divested himself of every outward symbol of dignity, he returned to his old solitude; hut he wits not per mitted to remain. His successor, 110111face V111., sent for him, and, fearing a schism on his behalf, confined him, though with great respect, in the castle of Fumone, where after ten months lie died, May 19, 129G. Ile was canonized in 1313. Yet Dante did not hesitate to put him in hell, though at the entranee. because lie had abdicated: "I looked, and I beheld the shade of hint who made through cowardice the great re fusal" (Infcrno, iii.; and cf. xxvii).