CHARLES, 1.oUIS Joni (1771-1847). Arch duke of Austria. Ile was the third son of the Emperor Leopold II. and was born in Florence, September 5, 1771. lle pursued his military studies with much ardor: and, having displayed great ability in inferior commands in the battles of .lemmapes, Neerwinden, and Wattignies, was intrusted, in 1796, with the chief command of the Austrian Army of the Rhine. After inflict ing repeated defeats upon Moreau, Jourdan, and Bernadotte, he drove the French across the Rhine and captured the stronghold of Kehl, January 10, 1797. In 1799 he was again at the head of the Army of the Rhine, was several times victorious over Jourdan, protected Suabia• and succesfully opposed Massana, but suffered defeat at Ziirich, June 4. In 1800 bad health compelled him to retire from active service; but being appointed 14overnor-General of Bohemia, he formed a new army there. After the battle of llohenlinden (1800) he was again called to the chief command, and succeeded in staying the rapid progress of Aloreau, but almost immediately entered into an armistice with him, which was followed by the peace of Lunilville. In 1805 lie commanded the
army opposed to Alassima in Italy, and fought the hard battle of Caldiero; but upon bad tidings from Germany, retreated from the left bank of the Adige to Croatia. This retreat was one of his greatest military achievements. Slade generalis simo of the Austrian forces, he won, in 1809, the great, battle of Aspern (q.v.), which first showed Europe that Napoleon was not invincible; but be did not promptly enough follow up his victory, and Napoleon, who hastened to reinforce his army, retrieved his fortunes at \Vagrant. The Archduke was now compelled to give way before the enemy, till he reached Znaim, Nvhere an armi stice was concluded on July 12th. In the cam paigns of 1813 and 1814 he had no part. He lived in retirement till his death, which occurred April 30, 1847. He was author of Gram/gaze der Strategic ( 1S14). Consult: Duller, Erzher :og Karl (Vienna. 1844-45) : Zeissberg, Erzherzog Karl (Vienna, 1895).