The extant orations of Cicero arc fifty-seven in number, of which the most famous are the four against Ca tiline, the fourteen so-called Philippics against Antony. the oration on behalf of Archias, and two legal orations, one on behalf of L. Mu rena and the other on behalf of Alareus It should be remembered always in reading these orations that they do not represent the actual form in which they were delivered, but that Cicero edited them freely, as Webster edited his famous speech in reply to Mayne. Some of the Ciceronian orations. in fact, were not deliv ered at all, and this was especially the ease with most of the Philippics, which were in reality political tracts or pamphlets. Of the speeches which have been mentioned above., the first ora tion against Catiline is the most highly wrought splendidly rhetorical: the one in behalf of Archias is the most graceful, easy. and refined: the two legal orations are the neatest and wit tiest: whi'.e the second Philippic is the most elab orately violent in the severity and at times the coarseness of its denunciation.
The best complete text edition of Cicero's works is that of Miiller (Leipzig. 187S). Thebest edition of the letters with a commentary is that of Tyrrell and Purser (3 vols., London, 1S8.5-99). The letter-, are translated by Shioddmrgh (Lon don, 1 899 1. There are no good translations into
English of the rest of Cicero's works. is a German lexicon to the philosophical writings ( 1895 1 and to the orations (1884). both by .Mer guet. For an of ('ieero's career. see dleton. Life of ('hero ( London. 1 74 I ) . very old fashioned and extreme; Forsyth. Lila- of ('hero ( London, 14t14) : Davidson, Life of Cicero (New York. 1894I ; and floissier. Cief'ron el SCS aanis (5th ed., Paris, 1 895 1. An uncritical but inter esting 1)0.; is Trollol)e. Life of Cicero (New York. 148(a). For a 11 unfavorable view of Cicero. see 111olumsell, History of Rome. vol. iv. (New York. 1 8811 1, while the strongest plea for Cicero is that of Gerlaeh (Rase). 15(14l. On Cicero as a philosopher, consult Levin. LecturcN on the Philosophy of Cicero (Cambridge. 1 87 1 ) ; on his legal merits. Gasquy. Cie('ron jurisconsulte (Paris, 1SS'4) ; on his rhetorical and oratorical gifts, Canscret, Sur in la ague de la rqu'iorique duns r ern, (Paris, ; Thiel., I Berko. : and Sear:, ilishbet/ of Oratory (Chicago. ISM). Regarding the letters of Cice ro. consult Nisard. .Notes sur ics /, I res ( Paris, 1Sti2). and the introduction to Tyr rell and Purser's edition, in vol. i.