There are five normal schools. The State University at Berkeley,. an outgrowth of the State College (chartered in 1855). has a liberal endowment. Its schools of law, medicine, etc., are in San Francisco. Lick Observatory (q.v.) is also connected with it. Leland Stanford Jun ior University. at Palo Alto. is one of the most heavily endowed educational institutions in the world. Both of the foregoing institutions are coeducational, and in rank take their place with the foremost institutions of the country. Other colleges are: The University of Southern Cali fornia, Los Angeles, with its school of agricul ture at Ontario and theological school at San Fernando; the Roman Catholic colleges at San Francisco. Los Angeles. Oakland, and Santa Clara; the Pacific Methodist, at Santa Rosa; California College. at Oakland: Pomona Col lege. at Claremont; and the University of the Pacific at San Jos& The Carswell Poly teehnic College, at San Francisco. is main tained by the eity. There are theological schools at Oakland. San Jos•, and San Rafael: art schools at San Francisco. San Diego. and Sacra mento. The California Academy of Sciences, founded in 1853, and endowed by James Lick (q.v.), is at San Francisco.
From an early date the Roman Catholics have been very active in missionary work. Nearly all the Spanish element of the population, and a large part of the Indian popu lation. are members of that Church, making it numerically the strongest religions denomina tion. The Methodists. Prt•sbyt 4. Hans, Congrega tionalists. and Baptists follow, in the order named, and the other leading denominations arc represented. Even the large Catholic ele ment. hut 23 per cent. of the population arc church communicants.
California is the most populous of the Nvestern States, and ranks twenty-first in population among the States of the Union. The following is the population by decades: 1850, 92,600; 1860, 379,900: 1870, 560,200; 1880, 864.700: 1890, 1,208,100; 1900, 1,485,000. (For population by counties, see table on back of the map.) The per cent. of increase for the last decade (22.9) was greater than that for the whole country. Of fifty-seven counties, but eleven increased in population. About one fourth of the population of the State is foreign born, the Irish, Germans, and English, in the order named, being most numerous. The State has a Mongolian population about equal to that of the rest of the United States, the Chinese num bering 45.700 and the Japanese 10,150. The for mer have greatly decreased in numbers, and the latter increased, during the last decade. Fifty-five per cent. of the population are males, the large predominance of this sex among the Mongolians being partly responsible for this result. The Indians number 15,300, and the negroes 11,000. AIost of the Indians are taxed, and have made considerable progress in civilized life. The most decided increase (hiring the decade was on the part of the natives born of foreign parents. this class exceeding 21 per cent. of the total popula tion.
There are 9.5 individuals to the square mile, and a decided tendency is manifested to segregate in cities. There are twenty-four places having a population above 4000, their inhabitants consti tuting 48.9 per cent. of the total population, though in seven States the percentage is higher. The following are the leading eities: San Fran cisco, 342.700; Los Angeles, 102.400; Oakland
City, 60,900; Sacramento, 29.200; San Jos6, 21, 500; San Diego, 17.700; Stockton. 17,500; Ala meda, 13,400; Berkeley, 13,200; Fresno, 12,400.
Indians in 1900 numbered 7654, who were located on twenty-six reservations —namely. Hupa Valley, Round Valley. Tule Riv er. Yuma, and twenty-two mission reservations. They are from a large number of tribes, and represent at least fourteen different linguistic stocks. At least one-half of them can speak enough English to carry on ordinary conversa tion, and the greater number wear citizens' clothing. They are, as a rule, self-supporting, rations being issued only to the old and infirm. In some of the reservations, not only stock raising, but farming and fruit-growing, have at tained a considerable development. The Indians of the Yuma Reservation are the most primitive in the State, living principally upon fish and the mesquit-bean, which abound on the reserva tion.
The name California first appears in a Spanish romance, published in 1510, as that of an island lying somewhere in the western sea near the equator. The term was originally ap plied to what is now Lower California. which was visited by the Spanish as early as 1533. Later the name was extended to the whole west ern coast of North America below the parallel of 42°, and the distinction of Upper and Lower Cali fornia was introduced. The first exploration within the limits of the State was done in 1542 and 1543, when Cabrillo visited the coast and islands of the Santa Barbara region. In 1579 Sir Francis Drake sailed as far as the forty third degree of latitude. and named the country New Albion. but (lid not, as is generally suppoQed, enter the Bay of San Francisco. In 1002 and 1003 Vizcaino explored the bays of San Diego and Monterey, and sailed as far north as Point Reyes. The Spanish attempted to civilize the country by the establishment of missions along the coast. In 1769 the first mission in Califor nia proper was erected at San Diego by the Franciscans, and by 1S23, when the last and most northerly station had been planted at So noma, these religious houses had grown to 21 in .number, and acquired great wealth in olive, orange. and grape plantations, and cattle and horse ranches. The Indians were early converted to Christianity. gradually weaned from their nomadic and barbaric state. and indueed to lead a settled life. They were taught farming and other eivilized pursuits and became in time a peaceful and industrious people. The Span ish Government, which intended eventually to turn the mission estates into administrative districts, never acknowledged the title of the priests to the land. and in 1777 began the found ing of pueblos or towns. California was divided into the four provinces of San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco. After the Mexieau Revolution of 1821, the mis sions began to decline. The Indians were partly emancipated in 1826, and the process of secu larization, which began in 1833. was completed by 1845. Commerce with foreign nations. which was at first forbidden, became very large after 1822. In 18'26 the first American immigrant. wagon train entered California. In 1840 Monte rey was made the capital, and a year later the Russians, who had maintained a trading•post north of Bodega Bay since 1812, abandoned it.