Clement

CLEMENT (Lat. c/cnicns, merciful, Gk. KM /Ins, k/eint's). The name of fourteen popes. CLEM ENT I., commonly known, in historical theology, as 'Clement of Rome.' is probably not identical with the Clement mentioned in Phil. iv. 3. After the Apostles, however, no one stood in higher honor among the early Christians; in fact, he is sometimes, as by Clement, of Alexandria, called an 'apostle.' In the lists of bishops which began to be produced in the latter half of the second century, Clement stands third from Peter in the Roman suecession—the best order being Linus, Anacletus, Clement. The provisional dates assigned to him by the best modern Ids torians are A.D. 88-97; but there is much un certainty about them. According to Jerome, Clement lived until the third year of Trajan (A.u. 101). Ilis Epistle may be dated with high probability in the year 95 or 96. It was written in the name of the church in Rome to that in Corinth, and contains fraternal advice and counsel in view of disturbances which had arisen in the latter church. It is an impor tant for the history of Primitive Chris tianity. It was for a long time honored as 'Scripture.' and read in public worship as late as the fourth century. The other documents which bear Clement's name are not from him. What is known as 11. Clement appears to he a second-eentury homily, of unknown origin. Several spurious epistles are attributed to him, besides the pseudo-Clementine 'Recognitions and Homilies,' on which see CLEMENTINA. Consult: J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, part i.; Saint ('lenient of Rome (London, 1890) ; Knopf, Der erste Clemensbrief (Leipzig, 1899) ; Gregg, The Epistle of Saint Clement, Bishop of Rome (London, 189!)) ; Kruger, History of Early Christian Literature (New York, 1897) ; Ear Chronologie der altehristliehen Litteratur (Leipzig, . 1897) ; Briill, Der erste Brief des Clemens von Rom an die ('Orin flier (Freiburg, 1883).—CLEMENT II., Pope 1046-47. He was a Saxon, Suidger by name, and Bishop of Bam berg. The Emperor Henry Ill., whose Chancel lor he had been, made him Pope on the setting aside of the three rival claimants, Benedict IX., Gregory VI., and Sylvester III.; and he crowned the next day. He was a determined op ponent of simony, against which he held a synod a few months before his death.—CLEMENT Pope 1187-91. He was a Roman by birth, and Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina. lie settled some of the troubles between the Popes and the Roman people, incited Philip Augustus and Henry 11. of England to undertake the Third Crusade, and in 1188 made the Scottish Church directly dependent upon Rome, removing it from tie jurisdiction of the archbishops of York. The title of CLEMENT III. was also assumed by \Vi bert (Cuibert), Antipope from 1080 to 1099 (died 1100).—CLEMENT IV., Pope 1265-68. Gui Foulquois he Gros, horn at Saint Gilles. on the Rhone, of a noble Provencal family. at. first a soldier, later Archbishop of Narbonne and Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina. He supported Charles of Anjou in his claim to the crown of the Two Sicilies, against. Manfred, the natural son of Ihe Emperor Frederick 11. Ile was a man of austere piety, and set his face steadfastly against nepotism. He encouraged and protected Roger Bacon.—CLEMPNT V., Pope Ber t rand de Oath, Archbishop of Bordeaux. Ile was strongly under the influence of Philip the Fair, at whose bidding he suppressed the Order of Tem plars (See TEMPLAR. KNIOTITS), and was the first of the Popes to reside Avignon, which con tinued to be the seat of the Papacy for nearly seventy years. Consult llabanis, ('Ian eat V. et Philippe le Bel (Paris, 1858) : Lacoste, NourclIcs crudes sur Ch'ment (Bordeaux, I896).— CLEMENT V1.. Pope 131•-52. Pierre Roger, Arch bishop of Rouen. and like his three predecessors a Frenchman. Ile too was entirely under French influence, and refused to return from Avignon to Rome, in spite of a formal invitation delivered by a delegation headed by Tetrarch. Ile excom municated the Emperor Louis of Bavaria, and compelled him to submit to the most humiliating conditions. As suzerain of the Kingdom of Naples, he acquitted Queen Joanna of the mur der of her husband, and purchased the territory of Avignon from her for 80,000 crown:. He maintained the ecclesiastical jurisdiction against the encroachments of Edward III. of England, and made sonic negotiations for a reunion with the Eastern Church. lle lived in great splendor, and contributed largely to the beautifying of the Avignon residence.—CLEMENT VII., Pope 1523 3.4. Giulio de' Medici, born about 1475. Be fore his elevation, he had acquired some reputa tion for capacity in affairs which the unfortunate events of his pontificate showed to have been ill founded. his worldliness and lack of insight into the tendencies of the age disqualified him from comprehending the great upheaval which threatened the Church, while his timidity and indecision no less disabled him from following a consistent policy in secular affairs. He was at first attached to the Imperial interest, but by the overwhelming success of the Emperor Charles V. in the battle of Pavia was terrified into join ing the other Italian powers in a league with France. But his zeal was soon cooled, and by want of foresight and unreasonable economy lie laid himself open to an attack from the turbulent Roman nobles, which obliged him to invoke the mediation of the Emperor. When this danger seemed past. he veered back to his former en gagements, and ended by drawing upon himself the army of the Constable de Bourbon. On Slay 6, 1527, followed the memorable and terrible sack of Rome by the Imperial troops. The Pope re tired to the Castle of Sant' Angelo, where lie was kept a prisoner for over six months. He was released upon very onerous conditions, and fled immediately to Orvieto. The following year he returned to Rome, and in 1529 he made his peace with Charles V., who undertook to assist in the restoration of the Medici in Florence, and whom the Pope crowned at Bologna in 1530. For

several years Clement followed a policy of sub serviency to the Emperor, on the one hand en deavoring to induce him to act with severity against the Lutherans of Germany. and on the other striving to elude his demand for a gen eral council. The loss of half of Germany to the Church, and the breach with England, occasioned by the Pope's refusal to sanction the divorce of Henry VIII., made this a most unfortunate pontificate. Consult: De' Rossi Aleatoric storiehe del pontifleato di Clemente HI. (Rome. 1837). The title of CLEMENT VII. was also assumed by Robert of Geneva, Antipope (see ANTIPOPE) . 1378-94.—CLEmENT VIII., Pope 1592-160.3. Ip polito Aldobrandini, born about 1530. He brought about the reconciliation of Henry IV. of France with the Church (1593) , and, on the ex tinction of the male line of the house of Este, annexed Ferrara, the last addition of importance to the States of the Church. He acted as medi ator in the negotiations which resulted in the Peace of Vervins. Tv last years of his pontif icate were occupied, among other important questions, by the controversy between the Jesuits and Dominicans on the question of grace, which led Min to establish in 1.597 the celebrated Congrcgatio de .4 uxiliis Dirince Grutim. lie was a man of marked piety; he confessed daily to Saint Philip Net :nnl utter the latter's death to his successor in the headship of the Oratorian-, Cardinal Baronius. His love for letters was shown by his promotion of a number of learned scholars to the purple, and the issue of revised editions of the Vulgate. the breviary, and the liturgical books. the title CLEMENT VIII. was also assumed by _Egidius Nuiloz. Antipope, 1I25 29.—CLEMENT IX., Pope 1007-09. Giulio Ros pigliosi, was born in 1000 and studied in the _Roman Seminary. As Nuncio to Spain. he ac quired an insight into political affairs. and an influence which enabled him, after his elevation to the Papal throne, to bring about the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (166S) between France and Spain. He endeavored to adjust the Janseni-t difficulties in France, but his efforts failed to bring about a permanent peace.—CLEMENT Pope 1670-7G. Emilio Altieri, born 1590. He was the immediate successor of Clement IX.. who had made him a cardinal but a few months before his death, and with his last breath designated him as his choice for the Papal throne. In conse quence of his advanced age, he left much of the government to his Cardinal Paluzzo Pahizzi.—CLEMENT Xl., Pope 1700-21. Giovanni Francesco Albani, born 1049. He was employed in many important diplomatic affairs, and made cardinal a few months before his election to the Papacy. His pontificate was troubled by many disputes. with Prussia, with the Empire, and with the recalcitrant Jansenists in France, against whom he launched the famous constitu tions frineam Domini Sillmoth (1705) and Uni genitus (1713). Another important decision by this Pope forbade the Jesuit missionaries in China to employ certain native ceremonial forms in China and India which they had adopted in their mission work to overcome native prejudices.— CLEMENT XII, Pope 1730-40. Lorenzo Corsini, born 1052, made cardinal 1706. He was more dis tinguished as a wise and kind-hearted temporal sovereign, who did much for both art and indus try in his dominions. than as a great interna tional power. In 1738 he condemned the Free masons.—CLEMENT XIII., Pope 17.58-69. Carlo Rezzonico, born 1693; made cardinal 1737. on the recommendation of Venice, his native State. His reign was occupied with unceasing struggles for the rights of the Church. and for the preserva tion of their ardent champions. the Jesuits, against the liberalizing governments of his day, such as those controlled by Pomba] its Portugal and Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour in France. He witnessed. however, the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal, France, and Spain. It was believed that he was about to yield to the demand for the suppression of the Order. when lie died, leaving these thorny ques tions to his successor, Clement. XIV.—CLEMENT XIV., Pope 1709-74. Giovanni Vincenzio An tonio Ganganelli. born 170.5 at Sant' near Rimini, where Ins father was a physician. At the age of eighteen he entered the Order of 31inorites. and studied philosophy and theology, which he afterwards successfully taught. This merits were appreciated by the keen-sighted Benedict XIV., who appointed him to the im portant post of counselor to the Inquisition. and under Clement XIII. he was made a cardinal. No Pope had ever confronted greater ditheulties on his accession. The kings of Portugal, France, Spain, and Naples were at variance with him, chiefly on account of his support of the Jesuits; Venice wished to reform the religious orders without his interference; Poland was seeking to diminish his influence; the Romans themselves were discontented. lie first set about reconciling the monarchs; lie sent a nuncio to Lisbon, sus pended the bull In Cella Domini, and entered into negotiations with Spain and France. After several years of negotiation he signed. on July 21, 1773. the famous brief Dominus (IC RCl1C11114 Or suppressing the society of the Jesuits. The motive assigned in the brief is, "regard to the peace of the Church." From this time he showed signs of constant disquietude and un certainty as to whether lie had acted rightly in this grave matter, and his strength gradually gave way. Ile died of a scorbutic disease. Septem ber 22, 1774. Clement XIV. was remarkable for liberality of mind, address as a statesman, sound learnin,c, and mildness of character. He cherished the arts and sciences, and was the founder of the Clementine Museum. which, by the additions of Pius VI. and Pius VII., became the chief ornament of the Vatican. Consult: A. Theiner. Geschiehte des Pontificate Clement (Paris, 1853) Von Reumont, Gangunelli (Papst Clement XIV.), seine Brief(' mut seine Zcit (Berlin. 1547) ; Ravignan. (/anent XIII. et Cl6nent (Paris, 1854).