CLUBS. THEATRES. AND HOTELS. The Union, Roadside, Tavern. Colonial. Rowfant, Excelsior, and the Euclid and Country clubs. all owning the houses in which they are installed. the last named being six miles distant to the east on the lake-front, a re representative organizations. Among the principal places of amusement are the Euclid Avenue Opera House and Keith's, Ly ceum. Empire. and Colonial theatres. The more prominent hotels include the Hollenden.
Hotel Euclid, Forest City, Baldwin. Tavistoek, American. Kennard. and Hawley House.
CoNINIERCE AND INDUSTRY. The construction of the Ohio Canal—completed in 1832—connect ing Lake Erie with the Ohio River. the northern terminus being the Cuyahoga River, gave Cleve land commercial advantages over other cities on Lake Erie: and, though the canal has since de clined greatly in importance, the city has now other and greater advantages by virtue of its location. Chief of these is its proximity to the coal and oil fields of Ohio and Pennsylvania and to the iron-producing regions of Lake Superior, Cleveland being one of the most convenient points for the collection and distribution of the prod ucts of both districts. The city has thus be come an important commercial centre. and also a manufacturing place of the first rank.
The bulk of the lake traffic consists of coal and iron. The receipts of coal in 1902 amounted to 5,800.000 tons, or three times that of 1890; and the shipments for the same year were 2.505,000 tons, or twice that of 1890. The coal is distributed among the various lake ports far ther west and north. The receipts of iron ore in 1902 were 4,993,000 tons, as against 3,823,000 in 1900 or 1.950.000 tons in 1890. Lumber and grain are next in importance. Cleveland is the largest market for fresh-water fish in America.
The city has remarkable advantages for the accommodation of its shipping—two parallel piers, built out 1500 feet into the lake, form a channel 200 feet wide and 21 feet deep at the mouth of the Cuyahoga ; and the many windings of the latter afford 16 miles of river-frontage, over five of which are (locked. A branch of the Cuyahoga flowing westward, not far from the lake, and parallel with it, has been dredged so as to afford room for excellent ship-yards and docks. In 1878 the United States Government began a breakwater to inclose a harbor of ref uge 360 acres in extent, with an opening of 500 feet, opposite the mouth of the river. Later
plans and appropriations, however, provide for an opening of 700 feet and a breakwater 4 miles in length, inclosing a harbor of 8.00 acres; over 2 miles of breakwater have been completed at a cost of $3,200.000, and the remaining 2 miles, now under contract, will cost about $2,000,000. The harbor is being dredged to 25 feet. In the number of tons of freight received and shipped by vessel. Cleveland ranks fourth among the ports of the Great Lakes. Cleveland is on nine railways, some of which are the leading trunk lines of the country: the Lake Shore and Michi gan Southern; the New York, Chicago and Saint Louis; and the Pennsylvania.
Cleveland is now the second largest manufac turing centre on the Great Lakes and is rapidly gaining on Cincinnati. its only rival within the State. During the decade 1S90-1900. the value of its product increased from $113,240,000 to $139,849,000, or 23.5 per cent. In the latter year there were employed 58,800 wage-earners. As above intimated. the most important group of manufactures consists of iron and steel, and the large number of industries which depend upon iron and steel as their raw material. Ac cording to the census of 1800, the iron and steel products were valued at $24,270,000, and the foundry and machine-shop products ranked sec ond with a product estimated at $15,428.000. Other important industries are the production of wire and wire nails, in which Cleveland out ranks all other American cities, and hardware, in which it takes second place; bridges, electrical apparatus and supplies, car-wheels, printing presses, sewing-machines, bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets. Another industry of this group is shipbuilding. From an early date Cleveland led in the eonstruction of wooden vessels for the lake traffic, and. with the change from wood to iron, has continued in the lead, producing to-day more steel merchant vessels than any other American city. The chief industries which de pend upon agricultural resources are slaughter ing and meat-packing, and the manufacture of malt liquors, the former exceeding a value of $7,500,000 and the latter $4,000,000, according to the census of 1900. The Standard Oil Company has here one of its principal refining establish ments. Cabinet works and clothing-factories are important. Cleveland makes more paint than any other city in the world.