While the political organization of the South ern Confederacy was thus almost identical with that prevailing at the North, the outbreak of the war served to accentuate in important re spects the marked difference between the two sections, particularly in those features which were of especial importance in time of war. Not only did the population of the Union States ex ceed that of the seceding States in the propor tion of five to two, but the discrepancy was even greater in material resources. In general wealth, in foreign commerce, in internal im provements, and in manufactures, especially of fabrics and of materiel of war, the North was vastly superior to the South. Thus, the value of the improved lands of the seceding States was estimated at less than two billion dollars, while the value of those in the Union States was nearly five billion dollars. In the South were 150 fab ric factories. with a product valued at eight million dollars, while in the North there were 900 such factories, with a product valued at one hundred and fifteen million dollars. In the South some two thousand persons were em ployed in the manufacture of clothing, while in the North one hundred thousand persons were so engaged. During the year 1S60 the imports of the South were valued at $31.000,000, and those of the North at $331.000,000. Tt was thus ap parent that the South was "dependent on Eu rope and on the North for everything but bread and meat." The South. indeed, seemed fairly supplied with foodstuffs, but the mismanagement seems to have been such that at the end of 1864 there was a "general distress for food," and "an actual prospect," as a leading Southerner stated it, "of starving the Confederacy into submis sion." In addition to these serious obstacles to success, the South was seriously embarrassed by the lack of powder-mills and of suitable iron works. Only one plant, the Tredegar Iron.
Works at Richmond, was capable of turtling out the larger types of field guns, and it was not until the close of the war that operations were well under way for equipping the South with suitable ammunition and arms plants. More over. such minor supplies as leather were very limited and at times quite unavailable, and throughout all branches of activity were appar ent the very unusual difficulties under which the Confederacy was obliged to carry on its work of administration and of warfare. The conditions prevailing at the end of such a struggle, and the results of the termination of such a conflict ap peared more tangibly in the following years of Reconstruction, when the energies of the de feated were directed toward the economic re generation of the South as well as to its political reorganization. See also SLAVERY and RECON STRUCTION, and the articles on the various States mentioned.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Important works by SouthBibliography. Important works by South- erners are: J. Davis, Rise and Pall of the Con federate Gorcrnuncnt (2 vols., New York, 1881); A. lI. Stephens, Constitutional View of the War Between the States (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1870) ; and the several works of E. A. Pollard, especially his Lost Cuuse (New York, 1867). there is a short bibliography in A. B. Hart, Guide to American History, see. 209 (Boston, 18C0), and a paper, "Materials for the History of the Government of the Southern Confederacy," in the American Historical Society Papers (New York, 18901. A recent and valnable work on financial and industrial matters, by J. C. Schwab, is The Confederate States of America. (New York, 1901). Consult also Callahan, Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy (Baltimore, 1901).