Operations were renewed with great vigor in the spring, the Allies having 174.000 men in the field and the Russians about 150.000. Gen eral PC-lissier succeeded Canrohert in command in May, and General Simpson succeeded Lord Rag lan, upon the latter's death in June. A Russian army. advancing to the relief of Sebastopol. was defeated at the Tchernaya on August 10. From the I9th of August to the 8th of September a ter rible bombardment of the besieged city was kept up. and was followed on the latter day by a gen eral assault, in which the French took the :Malakoff Tower and the British took the Little Redan. Gortchakoff now blew up the south ern fortifications and evacuated the city. retir ing into the hills. General Muravieff cap tured Ears, in Armenia, on November 28. All the parties were ready for peace. which was signed at Paris. where a congress of the Powers had been in session, on March 30, 1850. The integrity of the Ottoman Empire was guaranteed by the Powers, which also renounced all right of intervention in Ottoman affairs; reforms were promised by the Sultan; Russia renounced her protectorate over the Danubian principalities, and ceded a strip of Bessarabia to Moldavia ; the navigation of the Danube was declared free to all nations under the supervision of a com mission of members from the bordering States; the Black Sea was neutralized. The Congress
united in the Declaration of Paris (q.v.), which laid down certain principles of international law. Consult: llamley, The 1Var in the Crimea London, 1891). the best short treatment in Eng lish. The standard work is Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea (9 vols., London, 1863-S7) ; also Russell, The War in the Crimea, 1854-56 (Lon don, 1555-5G) ; 31a rx, The Eastern Question, 185:3-56, trans. by E. M. and E. Aveling (Lon don, 1897) ; Lodomir, La guerre de l853-56 ( Paris, 1857) ; Lysol's. The Crimean 11"ar front First to Lust (London, 1895) ; "Russian Side of the Crimean War," National /eerieir (Novem ber, 1504 : Kovaleyski, Dr• Krieg Russlands mil der Tiirkei in den Jahren 1853-54 (Leipzig, 1560) .