ARCILEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN EGYPT. Ar cluvological research has been carried on in Egypt, with some intermissions, for over a cen tury. In 1798 the Emperor Napoleon took with him to Egypt a scientific commission to explore the monuments of the country, and the results of their investigations are published in the splen did work. Description de PEgypte (Paris, 1809 29), comprising ten volumes of text and fourteen volumes of plates. The work of the commission sent out by King Frederick ‘Gilliam of Prussia, which resulted in the publication of the famous Denkmiiler, has been mentioned above. impor tant collections of texts and memoirs of travel have also been published from time to time by individual explorers. For the past fifty years both the French and the Egyptian !governments have actively fostered the advance of Egyptolog ical studies, and since BSI) the former Govern ment has maintained at Cairo a permanent mis sion ( founded by 1\laspero) for the prosecution of arch:Polo:jell' investigations and for training promising students in advanced work. The mis sion has published a valuable series of memoirs, containing a large number of texts dating from various historical periods, .11r noires publi(Ys par less memlwes de la mission francaiso out !'sire (Pads. 18s4 et seq.), The work of the Anglo-A nieriean Society, the Egyptian Exploration Fund, founded by 'Miss Amelia 13. Edwards in 1882, has been very fruitful. ancient sites have been explored, and many in teresting discoveries have been made. Up to the present time the society has published more than thirty valuable memoirs. and its annual reports give It comprehensive survey of the prog ress of Egyptology throughout the world.
A very large number of Egyptian inscriptions and papyri have been published by the different museum, and by individual scholars. in this direction, as also in other ways. important sm. ice has been rendered by a number of peri odicals devoted wholly or in part to the interests of Egyptology. Zcitschritt fii• agyptische Sprache
tan! ..-Illerthamskundc (Leipzig, 1863 et seq.), Rcrut•il dr Travaux r I 'IOUs (1 in philologic rt it nes CI '1111CS ( Paris, 1870 et seq.). and Transactions (1872 et seq.) and of flit Norio y of Biblical .1rehw oloyy (London, 1S7S et seq.), deserve special mention in this connection. The Revue ('yyp toloyiyuc (Paris. ISSO et seq.) deals more espe cially with Demonic subject,.
Since the time of Champollion. Egyptology has advanced with steady progress, ;Ind to-day stands upon a tiro scientific basis. For the past half century hardly a year has passed unmarked by some important discovery. Among the many scholars to whose labors these great results are due, it is difficult to particularize; but the names of i\lariette. Pierret, Ma,pero. de :Mor gan Gri.baut, and Bouriant. in France; of Hinks, Birch. Le Page Renimf, Wilkinson. Goodwin, Griffith, Flinders Petrie, Newberry, and P.udge, in England; of Mimic-hen, Ebers, Eisenlohr. Wiedemann. Steindortr, Sethe, von Bergman, and Spiegelberg, in Germany; of von Lemur and Golenischeti, in Russia; of Leemans and Pleyte, in Holland; of Rossi, Schiaparelli, and Chihli, in Italy; and of the Swiss scholar Naville, may be mentioned without fear of invidious distinction. The literature of the subject in its various de partments is most extensive, and it is unfor tunate that no eomplete bibliography exists. Jolowicz, Bibliothrca .Egyptiamt (Leipzig• 185S 61), and Prince Ibrahim Hilmy, The Litera ture of Egypt and the Soudan, from the Earliest Timrs to the Year l88.5, lorlusive (London, 1856 8S) , bring the subject down to 18S5. The numerous Egyptological books and articles that have ap peared since then be sought in the Orien tolis•he Bibliollick (Berlin). See EGYPT, and the articles on various special subjects alluded to in this article.