COMMERCIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE. Germany may well be termed the home of commercial edu cation. Special instruction along commercial lines was provided in Saxony in the eighteenth century. Well-organized commercial schools be came a feature of German education in the nine teenth century ; ill 1898 a commercial university was established at Leipzig. The Superior School of Commerce at Paris was founded in 1820, and continued to have a precarious existence under private management until 1869, when it was taken in charge by the Paris Chamber of Com merce. Commercial academies and schools have long been established in several other Continental cities, among them being Vienna, Venice, and Antwerp. England has provided for higher com mercial instruction at the London School of Economics and Political Science, at Victoria Uni versity and at Liverpool. and plans are now formed for an elaborate scheme of such education at the new Birmingham University. Both England and the Continental countries have established schools that give commercial work of an elementary and rather technical character.
Commercial schools in Europe are of three types: (1) Higher—e.g. at Leipzig, Frankfort,
Cologne, Paris, Antwerp, London, etc. Colleges and universities of commerce now being estab lished in the United States correspond fairly to these schools. (2) schools, academies, and the like, having usually a scheme of studies for three years, though sonic have four-year and others only two-year courses. These schools take students at about the ages at which they enter American high schools• and give them an education more technical than is furnished in our high schools of commerce. (:3) Some form of day or evening continuation school for those who are already serving ap prenticeships in business pursuits. Chambers of commerce and other organizations of business men have in some cases assumed entire charge of commercial schools in Europe: in other cases the control has been by public or private au thority alone: but a more ennimon procedure is for business men to exercise some influence by serving on boards of control, supervising exam inations, meeting deficits, etc.
Co M ERCT A I. EDUCATION IN TIIE 'NI TED