In the United States the schools of design are, with hut few exceptions. independent of munici pal or State control. being managed by incorpo rated hoards of or influential art so cieties. Some of the museums of art are main tained or aided by the city or State: but in general both schools and musemns have been founded 11 private munificence and are main tained without governmental aid. Besides the teaching in these special schools, drawing and elementary design are also taught in many pub lic schools of Europe and -America, as well as in evening classes conducted by the 11111Dieipality or by philanthropic societies in the United States.
A broad distinction is generally made between Sellouts of the Fin' Arts, in wide]] painting, sculp ture. and architecture are tamrht—sometimes also music and engraving—and 'Schools of indus trial Art.' which train their pupils for industrial desif_m and the decorative arts. (See DEconATIrE ART. ) In some eases the two kinds of training are ofTered in the same school, but this is rare. Architectural training. moreover, has in the United States been chiefly given in schools at tached to universities or to technological institu tions, and has been more thoroughly developed than any other .ranch of education in design in such schools as that of the In stitute of Technology (186“). Cornell University (P-49), Columbia University (15ti1). the Uni versity of Pennsylvania, and ifarvard University.
In the modern schools of design free-hand drawing is universally reeognized as the founda tion upon which all the training must he based, since it involves the coiirdination of hand and eye. The grammar of design—that is, the
theoretic principles of good decoration and the rules which express these—is taught by lectures or textbooks and enforced by progressive exer cises in design. Fertility and resource are cul tivated by the study of the history of the decorative arts and of the examples of design in the museums, and the taste is trained both by this study and by the eritieism of original de signs prepared by the students. Finally there is added to these branches the detailed technical instruction necessary for each particular indus try, such as stained-glass work, carpet-weaving, wall-paper making, pottery, and glass-work; and the graduate pupil is then qualified to cuter the service of some industrial establishment or to make designs for sale to the nmnufacturers.
Among the conspicuous schools of design, be sides those treated in special articles, there may he mentioned the Ecole Nationale et Sp•ciale des Arts Weoratifs, in Paris; the Berlin Bau Akadc mie, the Vienna Imperial Art Institute, the Art Schools of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. the School of Applied Design for Women. and the Cooper Institute (q.v.). New York, the Chicago Art Institute, and the textile schools of Lowell and Philadelphia. See also ART STUDENTS' LEAGUE; ECOLE DES (BEAUX-ARTS; NATIONAL ACADEM Y OF DESIGN ; ROYAL ACADEMY, LON DON ; SOUTH KENSINGTON, ART SCHOOLS OF; SAINT LUKE, ACADEMY OF,