DIARY (Lat. dia•ium, from dies, day). .1 word which simply a daily record. It ibit5 not, however, comprehend (-very sort of daily rec ord. hut only such as have reference to the writer personally. In it the man of letters inscribes the daily results of observation. rending. or thought to the man it serves the purpose of an order or day book: while the physician it indispensable as a register of engagement,. The usual diary is a book with a •eparate blank space for each (lay in the year. space, varying in size and form, as the particular bent or profession of the diarist may render necessary. It usually contains some general information, especially a calendar. men. however. use any convenient blank hook. The Ifrecks had the diary. which they called the i• (mean ing 'of the da•'). This word in its plural form, I pheinerilleS, has been :nil pi 'some scholars: it is the name that Casaubon gave to the records of his (laity studies. The word journn/ is also in use; we have. for example, the Jou•ilfil of Sir Iroller Scott. Diaries have often furnished the hi-torian with invaluable material. supplying the absence of record-, and furnishing minute and graphic dclails of the social condition and the secret springs of public events that are not 1.. he looked for in more formal records. Per haps the mutable in this respect are the diaries of Evelyn and Pepys DIAS. (•As. Ilu•rtiotoNti I' I ?-rit101. A Por tuguese navigator and the discoverer of the Cape of (hood Hope. Ile came of a family of famous •Itt.th ht.‘s was associated with (lit Entitles on the of 11:34, when Cape Itoja• dor ma. first doubled, and DiNtz DI is was the disem•rer of Cape Verde in I 11.Nfi•ttof oohs(' DtAs NOVAES Made a voyas(• to Ildlinea for ivory and slaves in and in 14s1 he woos in eottin And of a to the (hold toast. Dias was a cavalier of the I:ing'• homseliold and superintendent of the royal marelionse. When. in n•lober. I NIL King Jelin of I'oringal selected lima to bear a message to l'rester .101in by .tiling around \ frien. .1fter several months of prep• ion Dias sailed for the south in the early summer of 14ST with three vessels. One, a slave vessel, was left at a harbor near the limit of previous exploration. and then Dias began his
long voyage along the unknown African coast, to a part of which he gave the expressive name of 'Hell.' Just after New Year's Day, l4Sti, he was t.aught by a storm Nvhich drove him southward for thirteen days, until his crews, fresh from the tropics, began to suffer from the cold. As as the storm subsided Dias steered eastward, but, not meeting with land for several days. lie turned his prow northward. After sailing 151) leagues, he sighted high mountains, and anchored, Feb ruary 3, 14sS, in the modern Mossel Bay, in Cape Colony. Fintlinr that the coast ran east and west, lie followed it to Algoa Bay, where the coast began to trend more toward the northeast. Dias proceeded as far as the mouth of the Great Fish River. but was induced by the complaints of his sailors to turn back. It was probably on May 10 that lie passed Cape Agulhas, the actual southernmost point of Africa, and a day or two later lie saw the striking Table Mountain and the cape which he is commonly said to have named Cabo Tornientoso (Cape of Storms), in memory of the perilous experiences with which it was associated. but which the Portuguese King rechristened Cabo da 136a Esperanza, the Cape of Good ]lope, though, according to Christopher Co lumbus, who was present at the royal interview, Dias himself proposed the name. In December Dias reached home. with the news that the point of Africa had been turned, and that the way lay open toward the spice markets of the East. He had added 1200 miles of coast to the knowledge of European sailors and geographers. Between 1490 and 1495 Dias was in command of a vessel engaged in the African trade. When, in 1497. Vasco da Gama was dispatched to complete Dias's discovery of the to the East, the latter ac companied him as far as the Cape Verde Islands, and thence sailed to the Gold Coast to trade. Three years later he commanded one of the ships in Cabral's fleet. Leaving Brazil in May, 1500, Dias perished in a storm which wrecked his yes -el. Consult E. J. Ravenstein, "Voyages of Cao and Dias," London Geographical Journal (1900).