DYBECK, du'bOk, RICmmAan (I8II-77). A and antiquarian, born in Odensvi For noarlv half a cen tury he made a thorough and illumivativg study of the ancient the proverbs, the tra ditions• the folklore and and the customs of Sweden. Among the most important of his works are euruairkuodcr ( IS5S-59), and Srerikes l unarkunder ("The Runic Monuments of Sweden." I860-76). Others are Rmermska Born snker ( "Swedish Antiquity." 1533-55) : and 113ta ren.e Our ("The Tclands of Lake Miilar," 18(H)• ALExcNDER (1795-1560). An English scholar and critic, horn in Edinburgh. He was educated at the high school of that city, and at Exeter College. Oxford. After officiating for some time as curate, lie settled in in 18?5. His literary reputuution is chielly based of leis editions of the older English poets and authors— George Peele, Robert Greene, .iolnt 1\'ebster, Shirley, Tlioumma.s Sliddleton. John Skelton. Beau mont amid F1ctchem'. Ford and Sinrlowe• with biog raphies of the author and instructive notices. He also edited the poems of Shakespeare, Pope, Akevside, and Beattie, for Pickering's Aldine Edition of the Poets. Two old plays diseoverd by him, called Tinton and e'-dr Tlmonmas More, were published for the Shakespeare Society. In conjunction with Collier, llalliwell, amid R'right, hi' founded the Percy Society for the publication of old English ballads, plays, and poems. This ability as a commentator on Shakespeare is proved by his (oma1+Iefe Edition of the 1Torks of Shakespeare; the Text b'cc•ised; mritlh Account of the Life, Plaits, and Editions of Shakespeare, Notes, etc. (IS57).
A Scottish his torical painter. He was born in Aberdeen. September 19. 1S06, the son of a distin nnished physician. At the ate of sixteen he graduated from Slarisehal College. ITniversity of Aberdeen, with the de_-ree of -\.Si. Against his father's wishes, he went to London to study painting, limit v°as dissatisfied with the Royal Academy, and in 1S25 he proceeded to Rome. During a stay of nine nmontlns he studied'tlme works of Titian and but on his second journey to Rome, he developed strong ten dencies• his work meeting with the enthusiastic approval of Overbeck and the Nazarene paint ers. Not finding hi: .Madomnas appreciated on his return to he devoted himself to seientitie and afterwards to portrait painting• iv which lie succeeded especially well with woua n and children. lie settled iu Edin
burgh in and was made associate of the Royal Scottish Aea+leroc in 1537. his pamphlet upon the application of design to manu tact ures, in IS37, and the publication of his report upon French and schools of applied art, in 1810, resulted in the National and Provincial Schools of Applied Art being organized iu accord ance with his ideas. In I4d1 he was made pro fessor of fine arts in King's College. London, :uu] in 1818 a member of the Royal Academy.
In the competition for the frescoes of the new IIouses of I'arli:unent, held in 1513, Dvee was one of the successful competitors. His "Bap tism of Ethelbert," in the house of Lords, was the first to he finished, and was deemed so suc cessful that the other artists were instructed to adapt their design and coloring to his, lie ex ecuted for the I'rinee Consort, at Osborne, an impressive fresco, "Neptune Giving the Empire of the Sea to Rrit3mnizi," and was intrusted with the decoration of the Queen's robing-room at Westminster. The subjects, which be hinn self had suggested, were from the legend of King Arthur. typifying 'Chivalry,' and the five which he lived to finish are his great nu3sterpieces. Tie died in London, February 11. 1Rfi4.
Dvce's art represents a revolt from the eclec tic principles of the Academy, similar to that more definitely ivaugurrmted at a later period by the pre-13aphaelite.s. It is refined and taste ful, but rather a learned art than one which appeals strongly to the senses. It resembles that of the German Nazaueves, except that his color lag is better. Besides the frescoes mentioned above, among his chief paintings are "Bacchus Nursed by the Nymph" ( I827) ; ".bash Shoot ing the Arrow of Deliverance" (ISM: "Ma donna and Child" ( 1846) ; "Meeting of .Taeoh and Rachel" (1550). The National Gallery of Scotland contains a number of his pictures. lie was deeply lc:nrned in theology and patristic• lit erature• and one of the leaders of the 'Iligh Church Siovennent.' lie was also a fine organist. and tlne coin -er of anthers. For a publication of tine Book of Cnmunnon Prayer, set to the an eient he received the Prussian Gold Medal of Science and Art. He also published pamphlets on art.
Consult the article Dcee," in the Diet iomary of Notional Ringraph,y (London, 1888): and in Red rave. Dictimnarm, of _artists in the Enqli.ch School (London, 1STS).