STATES. The first defined form of coin mercial instruction in this country was that of the business,. colleges, which took their rise a little before the middle of the nineteenth century. Early in the eighties the Wharton School of Fi nance and was established in the Uni versity of Pennsylvania (q.v.), and about the same time piddle high schools began to give work similar to that of the earlier in struction. From this time the development of commercial education has been rapid. At pres ent the universities of Pennsylvania and Wiscon sin offer a full four years' college of commerce course. on the completion of which a bacealaure ate degree is conferred. Partial courses in com merce :tic also offered, either as free electives. or for the last year or two years of undergraduate instruction, as at the universities of Illinois. Michigan. Chicago. California. Vermont, and at Dartmouth College. Of necessity this list is in complete. since plans of study of a commercial nature are being introduced into colleges and universities in part of the country.
The growth of secondary schools of commerce has been more rapid than that of the colleges. Independent high schools devoted to connnercial education are now in existence in New York, Philadelphia. Washington. Pittsburg, and other cities, while commercial departments and elective commercial studies are well-nigh universal in high schools of the country. The private business col leges are as well patronized as ever, and hundreds of thousands of young people are at present receiv ing a commercial education in the United States.
AssocstArioxs AND JOURNALS. For nearly ten years the Business Education Section has been conducted as one of the departments of the Na tional Educational Association. Sessions are held annually in connection with National Asso ciation meetings. and the proceedings are printed in the Association's report. Many other associa tions arc active in this country, the best-known of them being the National Federation of Com mercial Teachers and the Eastern Commercial Teachers' Association. In England there is the
"Yorkshire Association for the Promotion of Commereial Education," and in Cermany• the "Deutsche'. Verbaud fur das kaufudinuische Un terrichtswesen." Most important, perhaps, of all the societies is the International Association for the Advancement of Commercial Education, of which Dr. Stegemann, of Brunswick, I1er many, is the president and moving spirit. Of the special journals there should be mentioned the Zi•itsehrift far das gcsanite kaufmannisehe rrichtsiresen. published by Teubner, in Leipzig, z•sd the Practical Educator, published in Colum bus, Ohio. Many other journals treat various phases of commercial education.
Consult: Ziege•. Ilandelsschulgedanken int IS. Jahrhundert (Dresden, 19)11) Stegemann, Kauf noinnis•los Fortbildungsschulicesen (Brunswick, 181161 ; L L'enseinnement commercial les (roles de commerce en France et dans le monde cutler (Paris, Librairie eomptable et administrative' : James, .1 itcpo•t on Educa tion of Basin, ss lien in Europe (Report to American Bankers' Association. New York, 1893) ; James, Commercial Education in the l'nited I Monographs on Education for Paris Exposition. Albany. N. Y., 1900) ; Hooper and Orahain. 'ontinereird Education at llonie and Abroad (London. 1901i : Ware. Edurational Foundations of Trade and Industry (New York, 1901) ; Sadler, Higher Commercial Education at .latiterp, Leipzig, Paris, and Barre (London, 1898; Special Reports on Education. vol. ; Sadler, Recent Developments in Bigher Comme• cial Education in Germany (same series, vol. ix. ) ; Ilartog, Commercial Education in the Unit ed States Name series, vol. xi.).