TION. I.', plantation, or the replacing of a natural tooth in the socket fr which it has been ex tracted. or forced out. is a very old operation, and its definite history is unknown. Trans plantation, or the placing of a natural tooth in it natural seie lo.-t other than the one it originally occupied, is also an old operation, and was spoken of by Ambroise Par& in the sixteenth cen tury. In this operation, it was customary to use at extracted tooth from the of one person zlzo, place it in the socket of a newly extracted tooth in the mouth of another. in an advertisement inserted in a Philadelphia paper in 1754. Le :Mayeur, a dentist, offers two guineas each for sound teeth to he obtained from -persons disposed to sell their front teeth, or any of imptantation, which may be de fine-el to be the placing of a natural or artificial tooth in an artificially prepared socket, or the insertion of an artificial tooth in a natural socket, was suggested by Dr. William lounger, of San Francisco. Cal., in 1885; but it is asserted that liourdet. in 1780. advised a similar opera tion. In the Peabody Museum, at Cambridge, Net's., there is a jaw. discovered in the ruins of Copan. Honduras, wherein is implanted (in the socket of a left lower lateral incisor) an arti ficial tooth of carved stone, which from the amount of tartar on it would indicate a con siderable amount of use in the mouth of the in dividual. The exact age of those ruins is un known, but this specimen of implantation prob ably antedates Dr. Younger's operation by about 1500 years. Experience has shown that im planted teeth are short-lived, so far as their usefulness goes. After a period varying from two to ten on twelve years. the implanted teeth almost invariably loosen and fall out, because of absorption of the roots when natural teeth are used. and incompatibility when artificial roots are inserted. In many eases of implanta tion, the operation is unsuccessful from the start, and no union is obtained; in others, a slight attachment seems to occur between the tooth and alveolus. gives out after a few weeks or months; while in a fair percentage of cases the teeth may become firmly attached and remain for several years. As a rule, they seldom remain longer than three or four years, and are much shorter-lived than replanted or trans planted teeth.
AN.•.svuttrtcs. The action and history of the use of anaesthetics may be found described in the general article A N.ESTIIETIC, and in a num b•r of special articles on the more impor tant anesthetic substances in use at present. Here it may be stated that, while ehloroform and ether were mule+ used in dentistry formerly, practically the only general antesthetie employed by dentists at present is nitrous oxide, or •langh ing-ga-3.' The only local an:esthetic now used in dentistry to any extent is cot-nine, which has almost entirely superseded the use of cold-pro dewing volatile substances, like ordinary ether, ethyl. chloride, nr rhigolene.
Oavilonovria. Orthodontia, or the art of regu lating or ceirreeting maipositions of teeth. has recently developed into a distinct specialty. al though some attention has been given to it by dentists ever since the latter part of the eigh teenth century. At the present time some opera tors devote their whole attention to this branch of practice, and the results obtained by those ‘1110 have the nece,,ary mechanical ingenuity and diagnostic ability are extremely gratifying.
DENTtsrs. oolendale. who came to America in 1766, se-ems to have been the first regular dental practitioner in this country. Lemaire None to this country probably in 17S4. James ttardette,, a native of France, commenced prac tice here in 1781. Ile went to Philadelphia in 1784, and continued in successful practice there for forty-five years. Josiah Flagg, who, as far as van now he aeeurately determined. was the first dentist native to this country, commenced practice in 1782. lle obtained his knowledge of dentistry from Lenin ire. Isaac- Greenwood, the father of the John Greenwood who made sets of artificial teeth for George Washington. was prob ably the first dentist in Boston. John Green wood and his younger brother, Clark, were in practice in New York about 1784. The inereas ing growth of the profession since 1820 is shown Ice the following figures: lit 1820 there were about 100 dentists in the United States: in 1872 the had increased to 5000: in 1893 the number was 13.500; in MS, 18.00(1: in 1900 the number in the United Stptes and Canada was 26,500: in 1902 the United States and Canada had over 27,600 dentists, of which number 16,390 were graduates of regular dental colleges.
Lermi:vrt itr. .larshall, Principles and Prac tice of Operative Dentistry (Philadelphia. 1901) : :Marshall. A Manual of the Injuries and Diseases of the Pace, Mouth, and Jaws (Philadelphia. 1897) ; Richardson, .1 Practical Treatise on Me chani•al Dentistry, edited by Warren (Philadel phia, 1900) ; Essig, Awl-fee:a Text-book of Pros thetic Dentistry (Philadelphia, 1896) ; Dental Medicine (Philadelphia. DOD: Harris, Dictionary of Dental Heicnee (Philadelphia, 1893) : Garret son, Hysfenf of Oral Surgery (Phil adelphia, 1890) ; Kirk. American Text-book of Opera fire Dentistry (Philadelphia, 1900) ; Dex ter, History of Dental and Oral Science in mcri ea (Philadelphia, 1.876). The Dental Cosmos. one of the most widely read journals at the present time. began its existence as The Dental News Letter, in Philadelphia. Pa., in October. 1847; it has appeared as the Dental Cosmos since 1859. See TEETH.