ARCILEOLOGY AND ART.—ARCH ITECTURE. It is through archaeological excavation that nearly everything known about the Etruscans has been discovered. More is known of Etruscan engineer ing than of architecture. The cities were carefully laid out on a quadrangular plan, with well fortified citadels and walls; the walls were strengthened by towers and double gates. The Etruscans themselves used tufa and other stones squared and laid in horizontal courses. but there is some dispute whether the polygonal and irregular eyelopean masonry of some cities in Etruria was built by them or another and earlier race. perhaps the Pelasgians (q.v.). The city of Marzabotto, in the Province of Bologna, is the best instance of an Etruscan colony, laid out in regular streets, with pavements, sidewalks, and drainage. The Servian wall in Rome is of Etrusean construction. On the other hand, Russelke„ Cosa, Vetulonia, Veii and other cities are built in the polygonal style. Almost nothing of their temple architec ture remains. From Vitruvius, and the descrip tions of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome, from remains at Alatri, Satricum, Segni, Norba, and Falerii, it is evident that the Etrus cans, Latins, Volseians, and otheetribes adopted their temple from the early Greeks, taking as form the early temple in antis (not peristyle), with very deep portico. The usual material was a wooden core. covered with terra-cotta, for eol entablature. gables. etc., while the cella walls were of brick or stone. Hence, their easy destruction by fire and disintegration. Nearly all the remains consist of the terra-cotta ornaments, such as antefixe., (q.v.), sculptured friezes, and gable statuary. Marlde sculpture, on account of
its weight, could never be used in connection with these light wooden structures. but terra-cotta sculpture was carried to great perfection between the fifth and third centuries. as is shown by the remains at Satricum, Falerii, and Luni, which are unique in plastic history, and in sane eases purely Greek in style. The order employed was a modification of the Dorie, called the Tuscan, the proportions of which, owing to the influence of the material, were mud) lighter; they ran best be studied in Vitruvius and in early Roman ex amples copied from Etruscan buildings. In their tombs the Etruscans showed :t. inneh genius as the Greeks. Thronghout Etruria they are large and early dondeal and vaulted tombs for great chiefs, which remind one of the tombs of the Ho meric heroes and of the Lydian Al•attes. Such are those at Veii, Vetulonia, VuHi, Ch•usi, discov ered full of antiquities, mostly imported from the East. These all date from the eighth, seventh, and sixth centuries. To another class, and cer tainly to the Etruscans themselves, belong the flat-roofed tombs imitated from the house, of which tine series exist at Cone and Perugia, dating between the sixth and third centuries n.c. These were often painted like the Egyptian tombs, with frescoes, from which we gain our principal knowledge, not only of Egyptian funeral rites, but of their beliefs and daily life. No remains of royal palaces or of public buildings have conic to light, so that there is but a meagre remnant of Etruscan architecture.