BIBLIOGRAPHY. General Works.—Ritter. EuBibliography. General Works.—Ritter. Eu- ropa: Vorlcsungen, edited by Daniel (Berlin. 1863) ; RChelus, Nouvelle geogra ph ic unirerselle, vols. i.-v. (Paris. 1875—) : Kliiden, Handbuch der Eraunde (Berlin, 1382-84) Bongier, Geo gra ph ir ysique, pol it iglu' rt eco nom iq do l'E n rope (Paris. 1885) : Kirchhoff. Landerkunde von Europa (Leipzig. 1887-93) ; Lanier, L'Enrope (Paris, 1888) ; Daniel, Handbuch der Geographic (Leipzig, 1894-95) ; Philippson and Neumann, Europa: Eine allgemeine Landeskunde ( ib., 1694) ; Christensen and Lassen, Europa (Copen hagen, 1895 et seq.) : Riechieri, "L'Europa nor dica," etc., in Martinelli, La terra (Milan, 1896); Cbisholm, "Europe." vol. i. in Stanford's Com pendium of Geography and Travel (London, 1899) ; Ken). Die Landsehaften Europas (Trier, 1900) ; Gehauer, Handbuch der Lander- and Folkerkunde, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1901).
Flora.—llotty, Sur la geographic botanigue de l'Europe (Paris, 1886) ; id., 111ustrationes Plan fo•um Europa. (ib., 1895-99) ; Drude, "Atlas der Ptlanzenverbreitung" in Berghaus, Physikali scher Atlas (Gotha, 1886) ; Engler, Versuch eine?. Entivicklungsgeschiehte der extra-tropischen rengebiete der nordliehen Hemisphlire (Leipzig,. 1879 ) ; Ca ruel, Epitome Flom Europa? (Flor ence, 1892-94) ; Kahler, Die Pflanzenwelt and das Klima Europus seit der geschichtliehen Zeit (Ber lin. 1892) : Richter, Planter Europa. (Leipzig, 1890. vol. ii. by Giirke, 1897-98); Thornier, Ex cursionsflorn von Europa (Berlin, 1901).
Fauna.—Scharff. History of the European Fauna (London, 1899) ; Hamann, Europiiische Hdhlenfauna. (Jena. 1896) ; Dresser, The Birds of Europe (London. 1871-81, Supplement 1895-96) ; Seely, Freshwater Fishes of Europe (London. 1886) ; Schreiber, Herpetologia Europma (Bruns wick, 1S75).
Physical Features.—Berghaus, Physikalischer Atlas (Gotha, 1886); Ktimmel, "Die Vcrtheilung der Rcgen in Europa," in Zeitsehrift der Gesell schaft fir Erdkunde (Berlin, 1878) ; also the vol umes of the Meteorologisehe Zeitschrift (Berlin and Vienna, 1886 et seq.) ; Hann, Handbuch der Klimatologie (Stuttgart, 1897) ; Bartholomew, Physical and Political Atlas (New York, 1901).
Geology.—Oeikie, Prehistoric Europe: A Geo logical 8k-etch (London. 1880) ; Topley, "National Geological Surveys of Europe," Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci ence (ib., 1884) ; Strelbitsky, Superficie dc l'Eu rope (saint Petersburg, 1882) ; Beyrich and Hanchecorne, Carte geologique interna•ionale de PEurope (Berlin, 1S94 at seq.). For the geology of Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, consult the reports issued by the geological sur veys of the respective countries.
Anthropology aml Ethnology.—Kohl, Die Vol ker Europas (Hamburg, 1872) ; Virchow, Die rrberolherung Europas (Berlin, 1874) ; Behm and Wagner, Die Bevolkerung der Erde (Gotha, 1873-91-) ; Ratzel, Vii/kerkumle (Leipzig, 1895) ; Peschel, •iiikerkunde, 7th ed. by Kirchhoff (Leip zig, 1897) ; Ripley, The Threes of Europe (New York, 1899): id., A Selected Bibliography of the A nth ropology and Ethnology of Europe (Boston, 18991; Deniker, The Races of Man (London, 1990) ; Johannes Ranke, 'The Paleontology of Neolithic Man in Europe," in Helmolt, History of the World, mots i. English trans. (New York, 1902).
Adams, Manual of historical Literature (New York. 1890) ; II. General His tories. Of brief manuals. consult : :Warns, European History (18991; Dimly, General His to•y (1898) ; s,a 1 1, Handbook of European History ( 1897 ) ; Plod 7.. Epitome of A nelen1, and Modern History (1883) ; Robin History of Western Europe (1902); Thatch er and Sehwi11, of Brief Institutes of General History (1887), and Lavisse, General View of the Political History of Europe (1891), discuss principles and tendencies, but give little narrative of events. Of larger works, the best is Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoirc generale du 4 sime 0 nos jours (12 vols., Paris, 1893-1901) ; the last volume readies 1900. See also 0neken„111yeineine Gesehiehte; the last vol ume treats of the time of Emperor William, and was published in 1S93. Helmolt, History of the World, is in course of publication; volumes four to eight will treat of Europe. Other series are the Periods of European History, edited by Dyer and Hassan (10 vole., 1453-1900) ; Epochs of Modern History, published by Scribner (1 S vols.) : The Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, in preparation (12 vols, in all; Vol. 1., The Renaissance, 1902). 111. The Middle Ages. Adams, Civilization During the Middle Ayes (New York, 1897) ; Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire (London, 1877) ; Bury, The Later Roman Empire, 395-800 A.D. (2 vols.. New York, 1880) ; Duruy, History of the Middle Ages (New York, 1891) ; Emerton, Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ayes (Boston. 1888) ; ib., Medieeval Europe (Boston, 1894) ; Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, first published 1776 81, best edition by Bury (7 vols., 1900-02) ; Munro, History of the Middle Ages (1902) ; Stifle, Studies in Mediwval History (Philadel phia. 1882) ; Taylor, Classical Heritage of the Middle Ayes (New York. 1901). IV. The Renais sance. Burekhardt, Civilization of the Renais sance in Italy (London. 1878) ; Symonds. The Renaissance in Italy (7 vols., new edition 1897 ;'S). V. Modern History. Duniy, history of Modern Times from the Fall of Constantinople to the French Revolution (New York, 1894) ; Dyer, History of Modern Europe, 1453-1857, edited by Ilassall (London, 1901 et seq.) ; Lodge, History of Modern Europe, 14.5.3-1878 (New York, 1885) ; Schwill, History of Modern Europe (1902) ; Schlosser, History of the Eighteenth. Century (8 vols., London, 1843-52) ; Lacroix. The Eighteenth Century (London, 1S76); Sorel, L'Europe et la Revolution franeaise (Paris, 1892) ; Alison. History of Europe, 1789-185.1 (Edinburgh, 1853) ; Cayley, The European Hero lutbm of 1848 (London, 1856) : Rose, A Century of Continental History, 1780-1880 (London. 1899) ; Fyffe, History of Modern Europe from. 17112 to 1878 (New York, 1800) Seignobos, His toire politique de l'Europe contemporaine, 1814 00 (Paris, 1S97) ; Stern, Gesehiehte Europas seit den Vcrtragen von. 1815 (Berlin, 1894-1901) ; Andrews, Historical Development of Modern Ea 1815-97 (New York, 1900) ; Politi cal History of Recent Times, 1816-75 (New York. 1882) : McCarthy. History of Our Own Times, from the Accession of Queen Victoria to 1880 (4 vole., 1880) ; May. Democracy in Europe (New York. 1877) ; Freeman, The Historical Geography of Europe ( London, 1881).