ENCAMPMENT. During active operation in the field, troops are, wherever practicable, lodged in tents. The principal tents in use in the United States are the shelter. just large enough for two men to sleep under and trans ported by the soldiers on their person; the corn mon tent with wall, affording a lloo•-space of about S X 7 feet and suitable for sleeping three men; the wall tent. with a floor-space of about 9 X 9 feet; the conical wall, with a diameter of about 16 feet: and the hospital tent. with a floor-space of 14 X 141/4 feet. In putting tents up in rows, a space between the tents at least equal to half the width of the tent should, wherever possible, be left for the guy-ropes and passages. Unless the soil is unusually porous, small trenches should be dug around each tent to provide for carrying off rain-water, might otherwise make the tent uninhabit able. The floors of the tents should, if prac ticable, be raised above the ground. The laying out of sheltcs-tent camps can be effected as a matter of drill, and without any special staking out of the camp.
A type of arrangement for a camp for each of the arms is shown in the various Drill Regu lations. That shown in the accompanying cut is well adapted for the infantry arm: A simple way of laying it out quickly is with the eye to stake out the line of the front of the company officers' tents, beginning at one end of the line, laying off lines at right angles to this for the front of the living-tents of the men. The position of the front tent-poles for the latter tents can then quickly be indicated by pacing, or by stretching a string having knots on it at the proper distances. The company streets should not, if possible, be less than 20 feet wide in the clear. They are rarely made over 40 feet. If the camp is to last more than a few days, and ground is available, space is left for mess-tents between the line of company kitchens and the men's living-tents. The hospital, not shown on the cut, should lie located, if possible, on a par ticularly healthy site as far removed'as is con venient from the living-tents. The guard-tent is placed on the line of sentinels near the point most convenient for general access to the camp from the neighboring road. Arranged in this way the camp for a regiment of infantry can he crowded into 10 acres; if ground is available, it is better to spread it over 25 acres. A cavalry Lamp is arranged on a generally similar plan, with the addition that provision must be made for the horses. These are placed generally either in the prolongation of the company streets be yond the kitchen or between companies.
Where troops have remained in one site for a long period in cold log and board huts have been eonstrueted for their occupancy. in selecting a site for a camp, there is frequently little latitude, but wherever practicable it should be placed in a healthy location, especially avoid ing everything in the nature of a marsh. It is essential to encamp within reasonable distance of a water-supply, and desirable to be as near as possible to fuel and grass. As a rule, provision should be made for not less than five gallons of water for each man. and ten gallons for each animal in the camp. On going into camp. effi cient arrangements should be at once made for the protection of the water-supply and for dis tributing it to the men and animals. if a source of supply such as a pond or trough is to he used for a considerable time, particularly if animals are to be watered there, an area of suf tieient size should be thoroughly drained and paved or macadamized to prevent the ground from becoming a mud. \\ here the sup ply' of Iva tor is seanty, it is sometimes necessary, in order that none of it shall be wasted, to con struct tanks for catching the water at night and at other tittles when it is not being consumed. \\*here the best water obtainable is impure, it should he tittered; if practicable, through filters carried by the troops, otherwise by temporary ones eons( nteled of sand, gravel, and charcoal. Impure water can often he improved by boiling. \\Aleri transportation is available the should carry with them a few well-augers, well points, barrels, and pump's. Stalest troops are usually provided with field ovens, hat il. is usually also necessary for them to construct fireplaces in the open ground.
Mr Pluto nan:ING.
\laity of the imginvering Problems connected with \ ary greatly with the nature of I he count ry mud the season of I Int tear. .‘tliong the most important are those mlat imp to the Policing of e1I nips 'and the disposition of the rotti-tt ina4 ter If the vamp is (Wen pied for any lenolli of lilac these prohloins bovotno of prime import:1m•.. Nit 1.9 In•ra I nil,. erne br gi‘ 4.1 trig t Ito in. o‘ia piing that so far as possible all t 1%1' 1111 I "q1 eLncr which he roitiovotl 111,11 ly 1111' ite, eider by t ranspnitat inn or by burning. Iambi h o on .411,jpg,1 will be in Beach, liginiud of Military Field Engineering (Kansas City, ISM;) ; Fiebeger, Manual of Field Fortification (New York, 1901) ; and the Chatham Text-Book in Military Engineering (London, 1S94). See CAMP.